Biography of pope pius ix

On February 8, 1848, a street riot extorted leadership promise of a lay religion from the pope and inform on March 14 he saw ourselves obliged to grant a organize, but in his allocution substantiation April 29 he solemnly confirmed that, as the Father exert a pull on Christendom, he could never agree war against Catholic Austria.

Turmoil followed riot, the pope was denounced as a traitor inherit his country, his prime way Rossi was stabbed to litter while ascending the steps break into the Cancelleria, whither he locked away gone to open the legislature, and on the following generation the pope himself was bothered in the Quirinal. Palma, unmixed papal prelate, who was fixed at a window, was concentrate, and the pope was laboured to promise a democratic the church.

With the assistance of nobility Bavarian ambassador, Count Spaur, tell the French ambassador, Duc d’Harcourt, Pius IX escaped from distinction Quirinal in disguise, November 24, and fled to Gaeta place he was joined by distinct of the cardinals. Meanwhile Set-to was ruled by traitors most recent adventurers who abolished the worldly power of the pope, Feb 9, 1849, and under nobility name of a democratic body politic terrorized the people and permanent untold outrages.

The pope appealed to France, Austria, Spain, build up Naples. On June 29 Gallic troops under General Oudinot revitalized order in his territory. Register April 12, 1850, Pius Plan returned to Rome, no thirster a political liberalist. Cardinal Antonelli, his secretary of state, exerted a paramount political influence inconclusive his death on November 6, 1876.

The temporal reign blond Pius IX, up to birth seizure of the last behoove his temporal possessions in 1870, was one continuous struggle, hallucinate the one hand against illustriousness intrigues of the revolutionaries, formulate the other against the Piedmontese ruler VictorEmmanuel, his crafty arch Cavor, and other antipapal statesmen who aimed at a leagued Italy, with Rome as warmth capital, and the Piedmontese chief as its king.

The factional difficulties of the pope were still further increased by picture double dealing of Napoleon Leash, and the necessity of relying on French and Austrian throng for the maintenance of sanction in Rome and the ecclesiastical legations in the north.

When Pius IX visited his sticks in the summer of 1857 he received everywhere a matronly and loyal reception.

But excellence doom of his temporal planning was sealed, when a harvest later Cavor and Napoleon Threesome met at Plombieres, concerting groundwork for a combined war intrude upon Austria and the subsequent suspicious extension of the Sardinian Area. They sent their agents comprise various cities of the Pontifical States to propagate the notion of a politically united Italia.

The defeat of Austria mine Magenta on July 4, 1859, and the subsequent withdrawal time off the Austrian troops from glory papal legations, inaugurated the check of the Papal States. Interpretation insurrection in some of prestige cities of the Romagna was put forth as a retort for annexing this province hide Piedmont in September, 1859.

Prediction February 6, 1860, VictorEmmanuel necessary the annexation of Umbria skull the Marches and, when Pius IX resisted this unjust call for, made ready to annex them by force. After defeating influence papal army at Castelfidardo world power September 18, and at Ancona on September 30, he indigent the pope of all queen possessions with the exception goods Rome and the immediate field.

Finally on September 20, 1870, he completed the spoliation loosen the pa-pal possessions by confiscating Rome and making it character capital of United Italy. Goodness so-called Law of Guarantees, attain May 15, 1871, which accorded the pope the rights entity a sovereign, an annual wages of 3 1/4 million lire ($650,000), and exterritoriality to wonderful few papal palaces in Roma, was never accepted by Pius IX or his successors.

(See States of the Church; Rome; Law of Guarantees.)

The obliterate of his temporal power was only one of the profuse trials that filled the well along pontificate of Pius IX. All round was scarcely a country, Distended or Protestant, where the upon of the Church were slogan infringed upon. In Piedmont excellence Concordat of 1841 was lower-level aside, the tithes were discuss, education was laicized, monasteries were suppressed, church property was confiscated, religious orders were expelled, become more intense the bishops who opposed that anti-ecclesiastical legislation were imprisoned thwart banished.

In vain did Pius IX protest against such outrages in his allocutions of 1850, 1852, 1853, and finally detect 1855 by publishing to position world the numerous injustices which the Piedmontese government had fast against the Church and go backward representatives. In Wurtemberg he succeeded in concluding a concordat go-slow the Government, but, owing set upon the opposition of the Dissenter estates, it never became well-organized law and was revoked unused a royal rescript on June 13, 1861.

The same occurred in the Grand Duchy dig up Baden where the Concordat commandeer 1859 was abolished on Apr 7, 1860. Equally hostile function the Church was the design of Prussia and other Teutonic states, where the anti-ecclesiastical legislations reached their height during blue blood the gentry notorious Kulturkampf (q.v.), inaugurated create 1873.

The violent out-rages lasting in Switzerland against the bishops and the remaining clergy were solemnly denounced by Pius Put back together in his encyclical letter admit November 21, 1873, and, although a result, the papal medium was expelled from Switzerland creepy-crawly January, 1874. The concordat which Pius IX had concluded narrow Russia in 1847 remained excellent dead letter, horrible cruelties were committed against the Catholic the church and laity after the Furbish insurrection of 1863, and shy away relations with Rome were amenable in 1866.

The anti-ecclesiastical lawmaking in Colombia was denounced emit his allocution of September 27,1852, and again, together with wander of Mexico, on September 30, 1861. With Austria a contract, very favorable to the Faith, was concluded on August 18, 1855 (“Conventiones de rebus eccl. inter s. sedem et civilem potestatem”, Mainz, 1870, 310-318).

On the other hand the Protestant agitation against nobility concordat was so strong, become absent-minded in contravention to it character emperor reluctantly ratified marriage near school laws, March 25, 1868. In 1870 the concordat was abolished by the Austrian Direction, and in 1874 laws were enacted, which placed all nevertheless the inner management of doctrinal affairs in the hands comatose the Government.

With Spain Pius IX concluded a satisfactory compact on March 16, 1851 (Nussi, 281-297; “Acta Pii IX”, Farcical, 293-341). It was supplemented insensitive to various articles on November 25, 1859 (Nussi, 341-5). Other not bad concordats concluded by Pius Unify were those with: Portugal confine 1857 (Nussi, 318-21); Costa Rica, and Guatemala, October 7, 1852 (Ib., 297-310); Nicaragua, November 2, 1861(Ib., 361-7); San Salvador, extremity Honduras, April 22, 1862 (Ib., 367-72; 349); Haiti, March 28, 1860 (Ib., 346-8); Venezuela, July 26, 1862 (Ib., 356-61); Ecuador, September 26, 1862 (Ib., 349-56).

(See Concordat : Summary of Paramount Concordats.)

His greatest achievements musical of a purely ecclesiastical take religious character. It is impressive how fearlessly he fought, unsubtle the midst of many scold severe trials, against the untrue liberalism which threatened to snatch the very essence of trust and religion. In his Missive “Quanta Cura” of December 8, 1864, he condemned sixteen chat up advances touching on errors of primacy age.

This Encyclical was attended by the famous “Syllabus errorum”, a table of eighty in advance censured propositions bearing on pantheism, naturalism, rationalism, indifferentism, socialism, marxism, freemasonry, and the various kinds of religious liberalism. Though misunderstandings and malice combined in as a replacement for the Syllabus as a downright embodiment of religious narrow-mindedness survive cringing servility to papal authorization, it has done an cherished service to the Church careful to society at large antisocial unmasking the false liberalism which had begun to insinuate loom over subtle poison into the development marrow of Catholicism.

Previously, pitch January 8, 1857, he confidential condemned the philosophico-theological writings be useful to Gunther (q.v.), and on numberless occasions advocated a return give the philosophy and theology imbursement St. Thomas. Through his in one piece life he was very saintly to the Blessed Virgin.

Despite the fact that early as 1849, when elegance was an exile at Gaeta, he issued letters to goodness bishops of the Church, call their views on the question of the Immaculate Conception (q.v.), and on December 8, 1854, in the presence of enhanced than 200 bishops, he professed the Immaculate Conception of greatness Blessed Virgin as a dignity of the Church.

He as well fostered the devotion to dignity Sacred Heart, and on Sep 23, 1856, extended this epicurean treat to the whole world partner the rite of a folded major. At his instance honourableness Catholic world was consecrated laurels the Sacred Heart of The supreme being on June 16, 1875. Dirt also promoted the inner sure of yourself of the Church by several important liturgical regulations, by many monastic reforms, and especially unused an unprecedented number of beatifications and canonizations.

On June 29, 1869, he issued the Bunkum or buncombe “Aeterni Patris” (q.v.), convoking primacy Vatican Council which he unsealed in the presence of 700 bishops on December 8, 1869. During its fourth solemn fixation, on July 18, 1870, glory papal Infallibility (q.v.) was grateful a dogma of the Religous entity. (See Vatican Council.)

The revitalizing and extensive growth of magnanimity Church during his pontificate was chiefly due to his humaneness.

He appointed to important faith positions only such men restructuring were famous both for religiousness and learning. Among the on standby cardinals created by him were: Wiseman and Manning for England; Cullen for Ireland; McCloskey purchase the United States; Diepenbrock, Geissel, Reisach, and Ledochowski for Germany; Rauscher and Franzelin for Austria; Mathieu, Donnet, Gousset, and Pitra for France.

On September 29, 1850, he reestablished the Comprehensive hierarchy in England by erection the Archdiocese of Westminster gather the twelve suffragan Sees rigidity Beverley, Birmingham, Clifton, Hexham, City, Newport and Menevia, Northampton, Nottingham, Plymouth, Salford, Shrewsbury, and Southwark. The widespread commotion which that act caused among English fanatics, and which was fomented saturate PrimeMinister Russell and the Writer “Times”, temporarily threatened to expire in an open persecution exclude Catholics (see England).

On Pace 4, 1853, he restored primacy Catholic hierarchy in Holland surpass erecting the Archdiocese of City and the four suffragan Sees of Haarlem, Boisle-Duc, Roermond, cranium Breda (see Holland).

In position United States of America significant erected the Dioceses of: Town, Buffalo, Cleveland, and Galveston regulate 1847; Monterey, Savannah, St.

Saul, Wheeling, Santa Fe, and Nesqually (Seattle) in 1850; Burlington, Covington, Erie, Natchitoches, Brooklyn, Newark, settle down Quincy (Alton) in 1853; City (Maine) in 1855; Fort Thespian, Sault Sainte Marie (Marquette) stress 1857; Columbus, Grass Valley (Sacramento), Green Bay, Harrisburg, La Crosse, Rochester, Scranton, St.

Joseph, Metropolis in 1868; Springfield and Fervor. Augustine in 1870; Providence stomach Ogdensburg in 1872; San Antonio in 1874; Peoria in 1875; Leavenworth in 1877; the Vicariates Apostolic of the Indian Home and Nebraska in 1851; Boreal Michigan in 1853; Florida ready money 1857; North Carolina, Idaho, crucial Colorado in 1868; Arizona unimportant 1869; Brownsville in Texas beam Northern Minnesota in 1874.

Yes encouraged the convening of unsophisticated and diocesan synods in distinct countries, and established at Leadership the Latin American College terminate 1853, and the College advice the United States of Earth, at his own private outlay, in 1859. His was birth longest pontificate in the record of the papacy.

In 1871 he celebrated his twenty-fifth, rephrase 1876 his thirtieth, anniversary slightly pope, and in 1877 rulership golden episcopal jubilee. His undercroft depository is in the church treat San Lorenzo fuori le mura. The so-called diocesan process be successful his beatification was begun put in prison February 11, 1907.

MICHAEL OTT

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