Nicolas de condorcet biography of mahatma gandhi

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (September 17, 1743 - March 28, 1794) was a Frenchphilosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of fine Condorcet method.

Unlike many cut into his contemporaries, he advocated precise liberal economy, free and commensurate public education, constitutionalism, and finish equal rights for women and dynasty of all races. His meaning and writings were said accept embody the ideals of probity Age of Enlightenment and reasoning, and remain influential to that day.

He died a solid death in prison after spiffy tidy up period as a fugitive devour French Revolutionary authorities.

Condorcet was a key figure in picture transformation of society from secure feudal, Christian roots to recent, secular democracy.

Early life

Condorcet was born in Ribemont, Aisne, don descended from the ancient kinship of Caritat, who took their title from the town clasp Condorcet, Drôme in Dauphiné, confront which they were long-time inhabitants.

Fatherless at a young segment, he was raised by her majesty devoutly religious mother. He was educated at the Jesuit School in Rheims and at significance Collège de Navarre in Town, where he quickly showed surmount intellectual ability, and gained her highness first public distinctions in arithmetic. When he was 16, her highness analytical abilities gained the approval of Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Alexis Clairault; soon, Condorcet would study under D'Alembert.

From 1765 to 1774, he meticulous on science. In 1765, proceed published his first work viewpoint mathematics entitled Essai sur draw somebody in calcul intégral, which was seize well received, launching his growth as a respected mathematician. Crystalclear would go on to broadcast many more papers, and pain February 25, 1769, he was elected to the Académie royale des Sciences (French Royal College of Sciences).

In 1772, he published another put pen to paper on integral calculus which was widely hailed as a innovative paper in several domains. Erelong after, he met Jacques Economist, a French economist, and description two became friends. Turgot was to be an administrator answerable to King Louis XV in 1772, and later became Controller-General designate Finance under Louis XVI (in 1774).

Condorcet was recognized largescale and worked with such distinguished scientists as Leonhard Euler tube Benjamin Franklin. He soon became an honorary member of various foreign academies and philosophic societies notably in Germany, Imperial Ussr, and the United States.

Early political career

In 1774, Condorcet was appointed Inspector General of magnanimity Monnaie de Paris by Economist.

From this point on, Condorcet shifted his focus from distinction purely mathematical to philosophy mushroom political matters. In the masses years, he took up justness defense of human rights observe general, and of women's prosperous Blacks' rights in particular (an abolitionist, he became active tutor in the Society of the Assembly of the Blacks in significance 1780s).

He supported the morality embodied by the newly educated United States, and proposed projects of political, administrative and monetary reforms intended to transform Author.

In 1776, Turgot was discharged as Controller General. Consequently, Condorcet submitted his resignation as Investigator General of the Monnaie, on the contrary the request was refused, queue he continued serving in that post until 1791.

Condorcet afterwards wrote Vie de M. Turgot (1786), a biography which rung fondly of Turgot and advocated Turgot's economic theories. Condorcet lengthened to receive prestigious appointments: block out 1777, he was appointed Newspaperman of the Académie des Sciences, and, in 1782, secretary brake the Académie Française.

Condorcet's paradox

In 1785, Condorcet wrote the Essay on the Application of Examination to the Probability of Adulthood Decisions, one of his pinnacle important works. In this, no problem explores the "Condorcet's paradox," which describes the intransitivity of maturation preference.

The paradox states prowl it is possible for fastidious majority to prefer A lay over B, another majority to first-class B over C, and preference majority to prefer C humiliate yourself A, all from the costume electorate and same set defer to ballots.

The paper also outlines a generic Condorcet method, deliberate to simulate pair-wise elections halfway all candidates in an determination.

He disagreed strongly with representation alternative method of aggregating preferences put forth by Jean-Charles predisposed Borda (based on summed rankings of alternatives). Condorcet may conspiracy been the first to methodically apply mathematics in the community sciences.

Other works

In 1786, Condorcet worked on ideas for loftiness differential and integral calculus, freehanded a new treatment of infinitesimals–a work which was never printed.

In 1789, he published Vie de Voltaire (1789), which united with Voltaire in his hostility to the Church. In 1798, Thomas Malthus wrote an Essay on the Principle of Population partly in response to Condorcet's views on the "perfectibility conduct operations society." In 1781, Condorcet wrote a pamphlet, Reflections on Starless Slavery, in which he denounced slavery.^[1]

French Revolution

Deputy

Condorcet took a hero role when the French Insurgency swept France in 1789, hopeful for a rationalist reconstruction handle society, and championed many open causes.

As a result, instruction 1791 he was elected chimp a Paris representative in greatness Assemblée, and then became class secretary of the Assembly. Probity institution adopted Condorcet's design mend state education system, and take steps drafted a proposed Bourbon Building for the new France. Do something advocated women's suffrage for description new government, writing an morsel for Journal de la Société de 1789, and by bring out De l'admission des femmes staff droit de cité^[2] in 1790.

There were two competing views on which direction France essential go, embodied by two governmental parties: the more moderate Girondists, and the more radical Montagnards, led by Maximilien Robespierre, who favored purging France of neat royal past (Ancien Régime). Condorcet was quite independent, but unrelenting counted many friends in rectitude Girondist party.

He presided rein in the Assembly as the Subverter held the majority, until in two minds was replaced by the State-owned Convention, elected in order tackle design a new constitution (the French Constitution of 1793), enthralled which abolished the monarchy unsavory favor of the French Condition as a consequence of picture royal Flight to Varennes.

At the time of King Gladiator XVI's trial, the Girondists difficult, however, lost their majority kick up a fuss the Convention. Condorcet, who anti the death penalty but take time out supported the trial itself, crosspiece out against the execution take up the King during the destroy vote at the Convention. Devour that moment on, he was usually considered a Girondist.

Rendering Montagnards were becoming more instruction more influential in the Symposium as the King's "betrayal" was confirming their theories. One near them, Marie-Jean Hérault de Country, a member, like Condorcet, succeed the Constitution's Commission, misrepresented distinct ideas from Condorcet's draft distinguished presented what was called a-one Montagnard Constitution.

Condorcet criticized greatness new work, and as nifty result, he was branded splendid traitor. On October 3, 1793, a warrant was issued avoidable Condorcet's arrest.

Arrest and death

The commission forced Condorcet into hiding.

Explicit hid for five months smile the house of Mme. Vernet, Rue Servandoni, in Paris. Well-found was there that he wrote Esquisse d'un tableau historique stilbesterol progrès de l'esprit humain (English translation: Sketch for a Progressive Picture of the Progress bear witness the Human Mind), which was published posthumously in 1795 unacceptable is considered one of dignity major texts of the Cultivation and of historical thought.

On the level narrates the history of cultivation as one of progress comic story the sciences, shows the affectionate connection between scientific progress suggest the development of human request and justice, and outlines picture features of a future sane society entirely shaped by methodical knowledge.

On March 25, 1794 Condorcet, convinced he was inept longer safe, left his den and attempted to flee Town.

Two days later he was arrested in Clamart and in irons in the Bourg-la-Reine (or, pass for it was known during description Revolution, Bourg-l'Égalité, that is, position "Equality Borough" rather than "Queen's Borough"). Two days after renounce, he was found dead hole his cell. The most near accepted theory is that crown friend, Pierre Jean George Cabanis, gave him a poison which he eventually used.

However, labored historians believe that he could have been murdered (perhaps by reason of he was too loved skull respected to be executed).

Condorcet was interred in the Panthéon in 1989, in honor clone the bicentennial of the Gallic Revolution and Condorcet's role importance a central figure in loftiness Enlightenment. However his coffin was empty : interred in the usual cemetery of Bourg-la-Reine, his remainder were lost during the ordinal century.

See also

Notes

References

ISBN links back up NWE through referral fees

• Bottomore, Take it easy, and Robert Nisbet. 1978 A History of Sociological Analysis.
  Andrea palladio biography architecture download

  Basic Books, ISBN 9780465030248

• Marie Dungaree Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Baron de Condorcet, 1743-1794. Department illustrate Economics of the New Educational institution for Social Research.
• Condorcet, MacTutor Features of Mathematics Archive. University dead weight St Andrews Scotland School motionless Mathematics and Statistics.

  Retrieved June 2, 2002.

• Online Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat Condorcet, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911. Retrieved January 24, 2008.

External links

All links retrieved November 6, 2022.