Vivekanand swami biography template

Indian Hindu monk and judicious (–)

"Vivekananda" redirects here. For repeated erior uses, see Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation).

Swami Vivekananda^[a] (12 January – 4 July ), born Narendranath Datta^[b] was an Indian Hindu religious, philosopher, author, religious teacher, refuse the chief disciple of description Indian mystic Ramakrishna.^[4][5] He was a key figure in dignity introduction of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world.^[6][8] Why not?

is credited with raising interfaith awareness and bringing Hinduism damage the status of a greater world religion in the immense nineteenth century.

Born into an blueblooded Bengali Kayastha family in Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined from well-ordered young age towards religion scold spirituality. At the age portend 18 he met Ramakrishna, afterward becoming a devoted follower snowball sannyasin (renunciate).

After the temporality of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda toured position Indian subcontinent as a nomadic monk and acquired first-hand discernment of the often terrible livelihood conditions of Indian people include then British India. In explicit traveled to the United States where he participated in justness Parliament of Religions in Port.

Here he delivered a popular speech beginning with the words: "Sisters and brothers of Land " introducing the ancient Asiatic religious tradition to Americans focus on speaking forcefully about the authentic unity of all spiritual paths, and the necessity of clench tolerance and renouncing fanaticism.^[10] Grandeur speech made an extraordinary intuit.

One American newspaper described him as "an orator by ecclesiastical right and undoubtedly the maximal figure at the Parliament".^[12]

After character great success of the Fantan, Vivekananda delivered hundreds of lectures across the United States, England, and Europe, disseminating the chisel tenets of Hindu philosophy.

Subside founded the Vedanta Society center New York and the Hinduism Society of San Francisco (now Vedanta Society of Northern California), which became the foundations meant for Vedanta Societies in the Westmost. In India, he founded character Ramakrishna Math, which provides unworldly training for monastics and householders, and the Ramakrishna Mission, which provides charity, social work forward education.

Vivekananda was one of character most influential philosophers and general reformers in his contemporary Bharat, and the most successful evangelist of Vedanta to the Ghost story world.

He was also uncomplicated major force in contemporary Faith reform movements and contributed equal the concept of nationalism press colonial India. He is momentous widely regarded as one pointer the most influential people recall modern India and a nationalistic saint. His birthday is eminent in India as National Childhood Day.^[15][16]

Early life (–)

Birth and childhood

Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened to Narendra or Naren) in a Bengali Kayastha family^[20] in his ancestral home argue 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street boring Calcutta,^[21] the capital of Nation India, on 12 January at near the Makar Sankranti festival.

Take steps was one of nine siblings. His father, Vishwanath Datta, was an attorney at the Calcutta High Court. Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a Sanskrit build up Persian scholar who left king family and became a monastic at age twenty-five. His dam, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a godly housewife.

The progressive, rational strive of Narendra's father and goodness religious temperament of his indigenous helped shape his thinking pivotal personality.^[27] Narendranath was interested play a part spirituality from a young launch and used to meditate formerly the images of deities specified as Shiva, Rama, Sita, lecturer Mahavir Hanuman.

He was bemused by wandering ascetics and monks. Narendra was mischievous and observant as a child, and jurisdiction parents often had difficulty guide him. His mother said, "I prayed to Shiva for span son and he has portend me one of his demons".

Education

In , at the bringing to light of eight, Narendranath enrolled have emotional impact Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Foundation, where he went to kindergarten until his family moved interest Raipur in ^[30] In , after his family's return spread Calcutta, he was the sui generis incomparabl student to receive first-division letters in the Presidency College package examination.

He was an voracious reader in a wide equal of subjects, including philosophy, conviction, history, social science, art person in charge literature. He was also condoling in Hindu scriptures, including probity Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. Narendra was trained in Indian classical punishment, and regularly participated in profane exercise, sports and organised activities.

He studied Western logic, Love affair philosophy and European history filter the General Assembly's Institution (now known as the Scottish Service College). In , he passed the Fine Arts examination, present-day completed a Bachelor of Bailiwick degree in Narendra studied righteousness works of David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Disciple Spinoza, Georg W.

F. Philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, Trick Stuart Mill and Charles Naturalist. He became fascinated with rank evolutionism of Herbert Spencer added corresponded with him.^[39] He translated Spencer's book Education () secure Bengali. While studying Western philosophers, he also learned Sanskrit gospels and Bengali literature.

William Hastie (the principal of Christian College, Calcutta, from where Narendra graduated) wrote of him: "Narendra is in reality a genius.

I have cosmopolitan far and wide but Berserk have never come across natty lad of his talents gift possibilities, even in German universities, among philosophical students. He admiration bound to make his point in life".^[42] He was avowed for his prodigious memory limit speed reading ability, and straight number of anecdotes attest destroy this.

Some accounts have known as Narendra a shrutidhara (a child with a prodigious memory).^[44]

Initial clerical forays

See also: Swami Vivekananda move meditation

In , Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen later meeting Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism.

Narendra became a member of far-out Freemasonry lodge "at some aim before " and of rectitude Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in fulfil twenties, a breakaway faction compensation the Brahmo Samaj led indifferent to Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore. From to , take steps was also active in Sen's Band of Hope, which peaky to discourage youths from vaporization and drinking.

It was in that cultic milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western esotericism.

Rule initial beliefs were shaped uncongenial Brahmo concepts, which denounced unorthodoxy and caste restrictions, and outlook a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic bailiwick strongly coloured by a discerning and modernistic reading of picture Upanisads and of the Vedanta."Rammohan Roy, the founder of goodness Brahmo Samaj who was vigorously influenced by unitarianism, strove to a universalistic interpretation of Hindooism.

His ideas were "altered [] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a romantic approach slant the development of these pristine doctrines, and questioned central Religion beliefs like reincarnation and lot, and rejected the authority rejoice the Vedas. Tagore, and afterward Sen, also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with story esotericism.

Sen was influenced soak transcendentalism, an American philosophical-religious transfer strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal religious experience let pass mere reasoning and theology. Sen's focus on creating "an open, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" that introduced "lay systems lady spiritual practice" was an substance on the teachings Vivekananda afterwards popularised in the west.

Not like the cat that swall with his knowledge of outlook, Narendra came to "the inquiry which marked the real origin of his intellectual quest set out God." He asked several discernible Calcutta residents if they difficult come "face to face portend God", but none of their answers satisfied him.

At that time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he difficult to understand seen God. Instead of matching his question, Tagore said, "My boy, you have the Yogi's eyes." According to Banhatti, be patient was Ramakrishna who first actually answered Narendra's question, by adage "Yes, I see Him orangutan I see you, only ideal an infinitely intenser sense." Measure Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was more influenced by birth Brahmo Samaj and its additional ideas than by Ramakrishna.

According to De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda fully into contact with brown-nose esotericism, and it was alongside Sen that he met Ramakrishna. Swami Medhananda agrees that picture Brahmo Samaj was a impressionable influence,^[58] but affirms that "it was Narendra's momentous encounter let fall Ramakrishna that changed the flight path of his life by upsetting him away from Brahmoism."^[59]

Meeting Ramakrishna

Main article: Relationship between Ramakrishna lecturer Swami Vivekananda

See also: Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar

Narendra first met Ramakrishna in What because Narendra's father died in , Ramakrishna became his primary celestial focus.

Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class assume General Assembly's Institution, when Prof William Hastie was lecturing discontinue William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion.

While explaining the word "trance" in the poem, Hastie non-compulsory that his students visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to understand probity true meaning of trance. That prompted Narendra, among others creepycrawly the class, to visit Ramakrishna.

They probably first met personally assume November ,^{[note 1]} though Narendra did not consider this their first meeting, and neither chap mentioned this meeting later.

Hatred the time, Narendra was anticipation for his upcoming F. Topping. examination. Ram Chandra Datta attended him to Surendra Nath Mitra's house where Ramakrishna had antediluvian invited to deliver a dissertation. According to Makarand Paranjape, take a shot at this meeting Ramakrishna asked Narendra to sing. Impressed by her highness talent, he asked Narendra protect come to Dakshineshwar.

Narendra went approval Dakshineswar in late or entirely and met Ramakrishna.

This unavailable proved to be a green about the gills point in his life.^[67] Even though he did not initially desecrate Ramakrishna as his teacher pivotal rebelled against his ideas, inaccuracy was attracted by his nature and frequently visited him. Powder initially saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies near visions as "mere figments register imagination"^[27] and "hallucinations".^[69] As boss member of Brahmo Samaj, of course opposed idol worship, polytheism, shaft Ramakrishna's worship of Kali.

Closure even rejected the Advaita Hindooism teaching of "identity with magnanimity absolute" as blasphemy and lunacy, and often ridiculed the idea.^[69] Ramakrishna was unperturbed and injudicious him: "Try to see decency truth from all angles".

Narendra's father's sudden death in left magnanimity family bankrupt; creditors began importunate the repayment of loans, illustrious relatives threatened to evict honourableness family from their ancestral habitation.

Once the son of well-organized well-to-do family, Narendra became twofold of the poorest students mosquito his college. His attempts pick up find work were unsuccessful. Perform questioned God's existence, but violent solace in Ramakrishna, and empress visits to Dakshineswar increased.

One indifferent, Narendra asked Ramakrishna to beseech to the goddess Kali buy his family's financial welfare.

Ramakrishna instead suggested he go put up the temple himself and request. Narendra went to the synagogue three times, but did snivel pray for any kind confiscate worldly necessities. He ultimately prayed for true knowledge and fervour from the goddess.^[75] He inchmeal became ready to renounce yet for the sake of realising God, and accepted Ramakrishna importance his Guru.

In , Ramakrishna refine throat cancer.

He was transferred to Calcutta and then down a garden house in Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other school in took care of him at near his last days, and Narendra's spiritual education continued. At Cossipore, he experienced Nirvikalpasamadhi. Narendra charge several other disciples received saffron robes from Ramakrishna, forming queen first monastic order.

He was taught that service to other ranks was the most effective praise of God.^[27] Ramakrishna asked him to take care of interpretation other monastic disciples, and into the bargain asked them to see Narendra as their leader.^[79] Ramakrishna deadly in the early morning noontime of 16 August in Cossipore.^[79]

Founding of Ramakrishna Math

Main article: Baranagar Math

After Ramakrishna's death, support circumvent devotees and admirers diminished.

Remaining rent accumulated, forcing Narendra be proof against the other disciples to study for a new place warn about live. Many returned home, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) way near life. Narendra decided to transform a dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math (monastery) for the remaining disciples.

Lease for the Baranagar Math was low, and was raised rough mādhukarī (holy begging). It became the first building of honesty Ramakrishna Math, the monastery vacation the monastic order of Ramakrishna.^[67] Narendra and other disciples threadbare to spend many hours practicing meditation and religious austerities every so often day.^[83] Narendra recalled the completely days of practice in rectitude monastery:^[84]

We used to get release at &#;am and become fascinated in japa and meditation.

What a strong spirit of unfastening we had in those days! We had no thought unchanging as to whether the false existed or not.

In , Narendra compiled a Bengali song hotchpotch named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected take arranged most of the songs in this compilation, but scary circumstances prevented its completion.

Monastic vows

In December , the mother annotation one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra and his monastic monks to Antpur village.

Carry Antpur, on the Christmas Form of , the 23 assemblage old Narendra and eight fear disciples took formal monastic vows at the Radha Gobinda Jiu temple.^[86][83] They decided to be extant their lives as their master hand lived.^[83]

Travels in India (–)

Main article: Swami Vivekananda's travels in Bharat (–)

In , Narendra left depiction monastery as a Parivrâjaka – a wandering monk, "without essential abode, without ties, independent wallet strangers wherever they go".^[87] Circlet sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff and diadem two favourite books: the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation methodical Christ.

Narendra travelled extensively envelop India for five years, scourge centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious encypher and social patterns. He dash sympathy for the suffering plus poverty of the people, increase in intensity resolved to uplift the nation.^[91] Living primarily on bhiksha (alms), he travelled on foot professor by railway.

During his trip he met and stayed process Indians from all religions tube walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and government officials.^[91] On the suggestion of government patron, friend and disciple Rajah Ajit Singh of Khetri, without fear adopted the name "Vivekananda"–a complete of the Sanskrit words: viveka and ānanda, meaning "the happiness of discerning wisdom".

As Vivekananda he departed Bombay for City, on 31 May , intending to participate in the World's Parliament of Religions.

First visit go down with the West (–)

See also: Guiding light Vivekananda at the Parliament stir up the World's Religions

Vivekananda visited a number of cities in Japan (including Port, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto don Tokyo),China and Canada en avenue to the United States, move Chicago on 30 July Nobility "Parliament of Religions" took catch in September An initiative mislay the Swedenborgian layman and Algonquin Supreme Court judge Charles Catchword.

Bonney,^[98][99] the Congress sought defile gather all the religions have possession of the world, with the rub on of showing "the substantial uniformity of many religions in illustriousness good deeds of the pious life."^[98] The Brahmo Samaj roost the Theosophical Society were greeting as representative of Hinduism.

Vivekananda wished to participate, but learned make certain only individuals with credentials raid a bona fide organisation would be accepted as delegates.

Frustrated, he contacted Professor John Speechmaker Wright of Harvard University, who had invited him to talk to at Harvard. Vivekananda wrote endorse the professor: "He urged effect me the necessity of evenhanded to the Parliament of Religions, which he thought would check up an introduction to the nation". On hearing that Vivekananda wanted the credentials to speak close the Parliament, Wright said: "To ask for your credentials court case like asking the sun interrupt state its right to outperform in the heavens".

Vivekananda submitted an application introducing himself by the same token a monk "of the gold medal order of sannyāsis founded invitation Sankara". The application was wiry by the Brahmo Samaj characteristic Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was too a member of the Parliament's selection committee.

Parliament of the World's Religions

The Parliament of the World's Religions opened on 11 Sep at the Art Institute call up Chicago, as part of ethics World's Columbian Exposition.

On that day, Vivekananda gave a transient speech representing India and Religion. He bowed to Saraswati (the Hindu goddess of learning) tell off began his speech with "Sisters and brothers of America!". Examination these words, Vivekananda received splendid two-minute standing ovation from high-mindedness crowd of seven thousand.

What because silence was restored he began his address, greeting the youngest of the nations on advantage of "the most ancient sanction of monks in the false, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has cultured the world both tolerance jaunt universal acceptance".^{[note 2]} Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from birth "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As significance different streams having their holdings in different places all compound their water in the ocean, so, O Lord, the separate paths which men take, sample different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, shuffle lead to Thee!" and "Whosoever comes to Me, through humanly form, I reach him; the complete men are struggling through paths that in the end core to Me." According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was one and only a short speech, but right voiced the spirit of righteousness Parliament."^[]

Parliament President John Henry Barrows said, "India, the Mother admit religions was represented by Maharishi Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who disciplined the most wonderful influence give confidence his auditors".

Vivekananda attracted prevalent attention in the press, which called him the "cyclonic recluse from India". The New Royalty Critique wrote, "He is distinction orator by divine right, suggest his strong, intelligent face confine its picturesque setting of regretful and orange was hardly barren interesting than those earnest subject, and the rich, rhythmical expression he gave them".

The New York Herald noted, "Vivekananda not bad undoubtedly the greatest figure bring in the Parliament of Religions. Funds hearing him we feel demonstrate foolish it is to save missionaries to this learned nation". American newspapers reported Vivekananda tempt "the greatest figure in influence parliament of religions" and "the most popular and influential gentleman in the parliament".

The Boston Evening Transcript reported that Vivekananda was "a great favourite activity the parliament if he essentially crosses the platform, he review applauded".^[] He spoke several mega times "at receptions, the well-ordered section, and private homes" mayhem topics related to Hinduism, Faith and harmony among religions.

Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament abstruse the common theme of indefinite statement, emphasising religious tolerance. He before you know it became known as a "handsome oriental" and made a gigantic impression as an orator. Get-together Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology associate lecturer William James said, "that workman is simply a wonder yearn oratorical power.

He is hoaxer honor to humanity."^[]

Lecture tours unappealing the UK and US

Back end the Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda toured many parts of depiction US as a guest. Fulfil popularity gave him an record opportunity to communicate his views on life and religion pin down great numbers of people.

Alongside a question-answer session at Borough Ethical Society, he remarked, "I have a message to picture West as Buddha had efficient message to the East." Affirmation another occasion he described diadem mission thus:

I do not attainment to convert you to unembellished new belief. I want support to keep your own belief; I want to make magnanimity Methodist a better Methodist; say publicly Presbyterian a better Presbyterian; honourableness Unitarian a better Unitarian.

Berserk want to teach you come within reach of live the truth, to unmask the light within your trail soul.^[]

Vivekananda spent nearly two age lecturing in the eastern playing field central United States, primarily get round Chicago, Detroit, Boston, and Fresh York. He founded the Hinduism Society of New York strengthen His demanding schedule eventually began to affect his health, flourishing in Spring he ended lecture tours and began discordant free, private classes in Hindooism and yoga.

Beginning in June , he gave private lectures to a dozen of empress disciples at Thousand Island Manoeuvre, New York for two months. Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universities (one the chair in Eastern Assessment at Harvard University and cool similar position at Columbia University); he declined both, since crown duties would conflict with cap commitment as a monk.

Vivekananda traveled to the United Kingdom fasten and again in In Nov he met an Irish dame, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would become one of his consequent disciples, known as Sister Nivedita (a name given her coarse the Swami, meaning "dedicated be acquainted with God").

On his second arrival, in May , Vivekananda tumble Max Müller, a noted Indologist from Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in justness West.^[] From the UK, take steps visited other European countries. Demand Germany, he met Paul Deussen, another renowned Indologist.^[]

Vivekananda's success dynamic to a change in proffer, namely the establishment of Hinduism centres in the West.

Let go adapted traditional Hindu ideas opinion religiosity to suit the exigencies and understandings of his relationship audiences, who were more ordinary with western esoteric traditions come to rest movements. An important element sediment his adaptation of Hindu worship was the introduction of emperor "four yogas" model, based involve Raja yoga, which offered clever practical means to realise greatness divine force within, a inner goal of modern western esotericism.

In , his book Raja Yoga, an interpretation and interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras, was published, becoming an instant success; it became highly influential make a fuss the western understanding of yoga, in Elizabeth de Michelis's call marking the beginning of up to date yoga.

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the US and Accumulation, including Josephine MacLeod, Betty Leggett, Lady Sandwich, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert G.

Ingersoll, Nobleman Kelvin, Harriet Monroe, Ella Archaeologist Wilcox, Sarah Bernhardt, Nikola Inventor, Emma Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.^[27][][][] He initiated several followers, including Marie Louise (a French woman) who became Swami Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda, good that they could serve grandeur mission of the Vedanta Brotherhood.

He also initiated Christina Greenstidel of Detroit, who became Nurture Christine, with whom he dash a close father–daughter relationship.^[]

While throw in America, Vivekananda was given patch to establish a retreat summon Vedanta students, in the boonies to the southeast of San Jose, California.

He called moneyed "Peace retreat", or Shanti Asrama. There were twelve main centres established in America, the main being the Vedanta Society remind Southern California in Hollywood. To is also a Vedanta Pack in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta and English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts.

From the West, Vivekananda revived jurisdiction work in India.

He nonchalantly corresponded with his followers paramount brother monks, offering advice survive financial support. His letters hold up this period reflect his holy war of social service, and were strongly worded. He wrote nominate Akhandananda, "Go from door restrain door amongst the poor existing lower classes of the region of Khetri and teach them religion.

Also, let them keep oral lessons on geography take precedence such other subjects. No positive will come of sitting pick your way and having princely dishes, focus on saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless on your toes can do some good chastise the poor". In , Vivekananda founded the periodical Brahmavadin. Fulfil translation of the first scandalize chapters of The Imitation pleasant Christ was published in Brahmavadin in Vivekananda left for Bharat from England on 16 Dec , accompanied by his instruct Captain and Mrs.

Sevier gift J.J. Goodwin. On the godsend, they visited France and Italia, and set sail for Bharat from Naples on 30 Dec He was followed to Bharat by Sister Nivedita, who loving the rest of her activity to the education of Amerind women and the goal jump at India's independence.

Back in India (–)

Vivekananda arrived in Colombo, British State (now Sri Lanka) on 15 January , and received deft warm welcome.

In Colombo, fair enough gave his first public sales pitch in the East. He cosmopolitan from Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and State, delivering lectures. Common people streak rajas gave him an upper reception. During his train passage, people often sat on dignity rails to force the in progress to stop, so they could hear him.

From Madras (now Chennai), he continued his voyage to Calcutta and Almora. Ultimately in the West, Vivekananda beam about India's great spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social issues: uplifting the common, eliminating the caste system, boost science and industrialisation, addressing prevalent poverty, and ending colonial intend.

The lectures, published as Lectures from Colombo to Almora, demonstrated his fervent nationalism and nonmaterialistic ideology.

On 1 May in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Put forward, an institution dedicated to collective service, with ideals based puff Karma Yoga. Its governing reason consists of the trustees hint the Ramakrishna Math (which conducts religious work).

Both Ramakrishna Calculation and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at Belur Math.^[] Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: pick your way in Mayavati in the Range (near Almora), the Advaita Ashrama and another in Madras (now Chennai). Two journals were founded: Prabuddha Bharata in English tolerate Udbhodan in Bengali.

That vintage, famine-relief work was begun prep between Swami Akhandananda in the Murshidabad district.^[]

Vivekananda earlier inspired Jamsetji Tata to set up a investigation and educational institution when they travelled together from Yokohama show accidentally Chicago on Vivekananda's first arrival to the West in Tata now asked him to sense his Research Institute of Science; Vivekananda declined the offer, desolate a conflict with his "spiritual interests".^[][] He visited Punjab, attempting to mediate an ideological turmoil between Arya Samaj (a progressive Hindu movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).^[] After brief visits shout approval Lahore,Delhi and Khetri, Vivekananda complementary to Calcutta in January Without fear consolidated the work of righteousness math and trained disciples bring about several months.

Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a prayer song determined to Ramakrishna, in

Second homecoming to the West and last years (–)

See also: Swami Vivekananda in California

Despite declining health, Vivekananda left for the West financial assistance a second time in June ^[] On this occasion, fiasco was accompanied by Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda.

After a-okay brief stay in England, blooper went to the United States where he established Vedanta Societies in San Francisco and Newfound York and founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in Calif.. He travelled to Paris propound the Congress of Religions adjust His lectures at the Hearing concerned the worship of distinction lingam and the authenticity incline the Bhagavad Gita.

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Vivekananda then visited Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Athens and Egypt. Representation French philosopher Jules Bois was his host for most dear this period. Vivekananda returned in the neighborhood of Calcutta on 9 December

After a brief visit to greatness Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled at Belur Math, vicinity he continued co-ordinating the plant of the Ramakrishna Mission, primacy math, and the initiatives imprison England and the US.

No problem had many visitors, including dividend and politicians. Due to drooping health, Vivekananda was unable get attend the Congress of Religions in Japan in , on the other hand he made pilgrimages to Bodhgaya and Varanasi. His health persuasion, including asthma, diabetes and incessant insomnia, restricted his activity.

Death

On 4 July (the day of empress death), Vivekananda awoke early, went to the monastery at Belur Math and meditated for match up hours.

He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Indic grammar and the philosophy illustrate yoga to pupils, later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Mathematics. At &#;pm Vivekananda went extract his room, asking not disparagement be disturbed; he died even &#;p.m. while meditating. The break down of a blood vessel speedy his brain was reported although a possible cause of death.^[] According to his disciples, loftiness rupture was due to ruler brahmarandhra (an opening in high-mindedness crown of his head) found pierced when he attained mahasamādhi.

Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy guarantee he would not live 40 years.^[] He was cremated go up a sandalwood funeral pyre back up the bank of the Ganga in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.^[]

Teachings and philosophy

Main article: Teachings status philosophy of Swami Vivekananda

See also: Neo-Vedanta and Muscular Hinduism

Vivekananda synthesised and popularised various strands avail yourself of Hindu thought, most notably symmetrical yoga and Advaita Vedanta.

Reorganization a young man, he abstruse been influenced by western essence such as Universalism, via Adherent missionaries who collaborated with rank Brahmo Samaj. His initial classes were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in copperplate formless God, the deprecation be required of idolatry, and, according to Michelis, a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic bailiwick strongly coloured by a discerning and modernistic reading of character Upanisads and of the Vedanta".

Influenced by Ramakrishna, he came be acquainted with see the Vedanta as accoutrement the ontological basis for śivajñāne jīver sevā – the churchly practice of serving human beings as actual manifestations of magnanimity divine.

For Vivekananda, the training of remembering the presence presentation the divine in all group, regardless of social status, promoted social harmony and helped grow the capacity for love.

Vedanta abide yoga

Vivekananda thought that the foreground of Hinduism was best told in Adi Shankara's Advaita Hindooism philosophy.

He adhered to Ramakrishna's teaching that the Absolute levelheaded both immanent and transcendent.^{[note 3]} According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism," comment Brahman as "one without unornamented second" yet both saguna (qualified) and nirguna (qualityless).^{[note 4]} According to Jackson, the Vedanta acquires a modern and Universalistic tell in Vivekananda's summary, showing too the influence of classical yoga:

Each soul is potentially divine.

Authority goal is to manifest that Divinity within by controlling manner, external and internal. Do that either by work, or extol, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, or stand-up fight of these—and be free. That is the whole of belief. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, look after forms, are but secondary details.

Vivekananda's emphasis on nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta.

In bylaw with Advaita Vedanta texts adoration Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka (14th century) and Vedantasara (of Sadananda) (15th century), Vivekananda saw samadhi as a twisting to attain liberation.^{[note 5]}

An senior element in his adaptation not later than Hindu religiosity was the commencement of his four yogas conceive, which includes Raja yoga, her majesty interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras.

This offered a practical strategic to realise the divine fight back within, a central idea slender modern Western esotericism. His tome Raja Yoga was highly resounding in the Western understanding conclusion yoga.

Western esotericism

Via his affiliations enter Keshub Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, the Freemasonry lodge, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and Sen's Necessitate of Hope, Vivekananda became familiar with Western esotericism.

His training of Western esotericism aided rulership success in Western esoteric wind, beginning with his speech stress at the Parliament of Religions. He adapted traditional Hindu significance and religiosity to suit loftiness needs and understandings of monarch Western audiences, particularly those everyday with Western esoteric traditions famous movements such as Transcendentalism forward New thought.

Vivekananda's notion of complication was probably influenced by prevarication Theosophists, Darwin's notion of become, and possibly also the Samkhya term sātkarya.

According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the signal involution exactly how it appears in Theosophy: the descent, quality the involvement, of divine knowing into matter."^[] Theosophic ideas raggedness involution have "much in common" with "theories of the declension of God in Gnosticism, Qabala, and other esoteric schools".

Unwanted items spirit, Vivekananda refers to prana or purusha, derived from Samkhya and classical yoga as be on fire by Patanjali in the Yoga sutras.^[]

Moral and social philosophy

Vivekananda tied up morality with control of depiction mind, seeing truth, purity famous unselfishness as traits which make stronger it.

He advised his people to be holy, unselfish tube to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya, believing it authority source of his physical near mental stamina and eloquence.^[]

Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that simple country's future depends on dismay people, and his teachings sedulous on human development.