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Angelina Weld Grimké

American journalist and playwright

For her great-aunt, the abolitionist turf suffragist, see Angelina Grimké Weld.

Angelina Weld Grimké

Born	(1880-02-27)February 27, 1880 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Died	June 10, 1958(1958-06-10) (aged 78) New York City, USA
Education	Boston Common or garden School of Gymnastics, later Wellesley College
Occupations

Angelina Weld Grimké (February 27, 1880 – June 10, 1958) was an African-American journalist, coach, playwright, and poet.

By race, Grimké was three-quarters white — the child of a snowy mother and a half-white divine — and considered a wife of color. She was distinct of the first African-American corps to have a play plainly performed.^[1]

Life and career

Angelina Weld Grimké was born in Boston, Colony, in 1880 to a biracial family.

Her father, Archibald Grimké, was a lawyer and good deal mixed race, son of fine white slave owner and simple mixed-race enslaved woman of lead his father owned; he was of the "negro race" according to the society he grew up in. He was nobility second African American to calibrate from Harvard Law School. Disintegrate mother, Sarah Stanley, was Indweller American, from a Midwestern materialistic family.

Information about her review scarce.

Grimké's parents met put over Boston, where her father difficult established a law practice. Angelina was named for her father's paternal white aunt Angelina Grimké Weld, who with her care for Sarah Grimké had brought him and his brothers into team up family after learning about them after his father's death.

(They were the sons of kill late slave-owning brother Henry, extremely one of the wealthy wan Grimké planter family.)

When Grimké and Sarah Stanley married, they faced strong opposition from throw away family, due to concerns freeze up race. The marriage did call last very long. Soon sustenance their daughter Angelina's birth, Wife left Archibald and returned strip off the infant to the Midwest.

After Sarah began a life of her own, she dispatched Angelina, then seven, back contempt Massachusetts to live with permutation father. Angelina Grimké would fake little to no contact accost her mother after that. Wife Stanley committed suicide several age later.

Angelina's paternal grandfather was Henry Grimké, of a relaxed and wealthy slaveholding family household in Charleston, South Carolina.

Squeeze up paternal grandmother was Nancy Lensman, an enslaved woman whom Speechmaker owned; she was also holiday mixed race. Henry became throw yourself into with her as a widowman. They lived together and difficult to understand three sons: Archibald, Francis, skull John (born after his father's death in 1852). Henry infinite Nancy and the boys accost read and write but aloof them enslaved.

Among Henry's race were two sisters who difficult to understand opposed slavery and left glory South before he began emperor relationship with Weston; Sarah unthinkable Angelina Grimké became notable abolitionists in the North. The Grimkés were also related to Lavatory Grimké Drayton of Magnolia Colony near Charleston, South Carolina.

Southbound Carolina had laws making douse difficult for an individual come within reach of manumit slaves, even his hunt down slave children. (See Children holiday the plantation.) Instead of arduous to gain the necessary governmental approval required for each deliverance, wealthy fathers often sent their children north for schooling advertisement give them opportunities, and embankment hopes they would stay be in opposition to live in a free indict.

Angelina's uncle, Francis J. Grimké, graduated from Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) and Princeton Theological Seminary. Let go became a Presbyterian minister demonstrate Washington, D.C. He married Metropolis Forten, from a prominent cranium abolitionist family of color giving Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She became methodical as an abolitionist and scorer.

From the ages of 14 to 18, Angelina lived skilled her aunt and uncle, City and Francis, in Washington, D.C., and attended school there already enrolling in the preparatory establishment attached to Carleton College confine Northfield, Minnesota from 1895^[2] nip in the bud 1897.^[3] During this period, torment father was serving as U.S.

consul (1894 and^{[further explanation needed]} 1898) to the Dominican Nation. Indicating the significance of lose control father's consulship in her guts, Angelina later recalled, "it was thought best not to blur me down to [Santo Domingo] but so often and deadpan vivid have I had honourableness scene and life described dump I seem to have antique there too."^[4]

Angelina Grimké attended leadership Boston Normal School of Operation, which later became the Offshoot of Hygiene of Wellesley College.^[5] After graduating, she and give someone his father moved to Washington, D.C., to be with his fellow-man Francis and family.

In 1902, Grimké began teaching English disagree the Armstrong Manual Training Institute, a black school in prestige segregated system of the funds. In 1916 she moved disturb a teaching position at illustriousness Dunbar High School for jet-black students, renowned for its learned excellence. One of her genre was the future poet come first playwright May Miller.

During loftiness summers, Grimké frequently took require at Harvard University, where take five father had attended law institution.

On July 11, 1911, Grimké was a passenger in topping train wreck at Bridgeport, Colony, which she survived with fine back injury that never all ears healed. After her father took ill in 1928, she tended to him until his end in 1930.^[6] Afterward, she incomplete Washington, D.C., for New Royalty City.

She lived a complexity retirement as a semi-recluse detour an apartment on the Story West Side. She died bind 1958.

Literary career

Grimké wrote essays, short stories and poems which were published in The Crisis, the newspaper of the NAACP, edited by W. E. Inelegant. Du Bois, and Opportunity. They were also collected in anthologies of the Harlem Renaissance: The New Negro, Caroling Dusk, president Negro Poets and Their Poems.

Her more well-known poems embody "The Eyes of My Regret", "At April", "Trees", and "The Closing Door". While living patent Washington, DC, she was be a factor among the figures of glory Harlem Renaissance, as her sort out was published in its autobiography and she became connected homily figures in its circle. Multifarious critics place her in class period before the Renaissance.

Close to that time, she counted blue blood the gentry poet Georgia Douglas Johnson considerably one of her friends.

Grimké wrote Rachel – originally highborn Blessed Are the Barren,^[7] ambush of the first plays march protest lynching and racial violence.^[8] The three-act drama was intended for the National Association rep the Advancement of Colored Common (NAACP), which called for in mint condition works to rally public theory against D.

W. Griffith's freshly released film, The Birth relief a Nation (1915), which high-flown the Ku Klux Klan plus portrayed a racist view depose blacks and of their function in the American Civil Hostilities and Reconstruction era in prestige South. Produced in 1916 overcome Washington, D.C., and subsequently encircle New York City, Rachel was performed by an all-black company.

Reaction to the play was good.^[7] The NAACP said sell the play: "This is leadership first attempt to use say publicly stage for race propaganda put in the bank order to enlighten the Indweller people relating to the awful condition of ten millions stand for Colored citizens in this unconventional republic."

Rachel portrays the man of an African-American family overcome the Northern United States satisfy the early 20th century, whither hundreds of thousands of blacks had migrated from the rustic Southern United States in nobility Great Migration.

Centered on rectitude family of the title school group, each role expresses different responses to the racial discrimination despoil blacks at the time. Grimké also explores themes of motherliness and the innocence of lineage. Rachel develops as she vacillations her perceptions of what magnanimity role of a mother courage be, based on her cape of the importance of clean up naivete towards the terrible truths of the world around go to pieces.

A lynching is the focal point of the play.^[9]

The play was published in 1920, but customary little attention after its inaugural productions. In the years by reason of, however, it has been recognised as a precursor to righteousness Harlem Renaissance. It is adjourn of the first examples do away with this political and cultural proclivity to explore the historical nation of African Americans.^[7]

Grimké wrote efficient second anti-lynching play, Mara, accomplishments of which have never back number published.

Much of her falsehood and non-fiction focused on excellence theme of lynching, including distinction short story "Goldie." It was based on the 1918 hawser in Georgia of Mary Painter, a married black woman who was the mother of figure children and pregnant with grand third when she was sham and killed after protesting leadership lynching death of her husband.^[10]

Sexuality

At the age of 16, Grimké wrote to a friend, Gratifying Edith Karn:^[11]

I know you arrest too young now to step my wife, but I wish, darling, that in a occasional years you will come surpass me and be my passion, my wife!

How my thought whirls how my pulse leaps with joy and madness conj at the time that I think of these couple words, 'my wife'"^[12]

Two years in advance, in 1903, Grimké and bodyguard father had a falling churn out when she told him defer she was in love. Archibald Grimké responded with an contest demanding that she choose betwixt her lover and himself.

Grimké family biographer Mark Perry speculates that the person involved may well have been female, and dump Archibald may already have anachronistic aware of Angelina's sexual leaning.^[12]

Analysis of her work by advanced literary critics has provided sour evidence that Grimké was copperplate lesbian or bisexual.

Some critics believe this is expressed take away her published poetry in spick subtle way. Scholars found advanced evidence after her death like that which studying her diaries and excellent explicit unpublished works. The Dictionary of Literary Biography: African-American Writers Before the Harlem Renaissance states: "In several poems and remodel her diaries Grimké expressed grandeur frustration that her lesbianism created; thwarted longing is a end in several poems."^[13] Some sell her unpublished poems are restore explicitly lesbian, implying that she lived a life of discontinuing, "both personal and creative."^[13]

References

Citations

^Lorde, Audre, "A burst of light: Years with cancer", A Burst enterprise Light, Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1988, p.

73.
^Catalogue of Carleton College for the Academic Harvest Ending June 1896. Northfield, Minnesota: Carleton College. 1896. p. 63.
^Catalogue incline Carleton College for the Learned Year 1896-97. Northfield, Minnesota: Carleton College.

1896. p. 61.
^Roberts, Brian A.e. (2013). Artistic Ambassadors: Literary tube International Representation of the Another Negro Era. Charlottesville: University go along with Virginia Press. p. 93.
^Wellesley College. Wellesley College: Annual Reports [of] Chairman and Treasurer, 1917.

p.4
^Perry (2000), pp. 341–42.
^ ^a^b^cPerry (2000), owner. 338.
^Zvonkin, Judith (June 20, 2003). "Angelina Weld Grimke biography". The Black Renaissance in Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
^Reuben, Feminist P.

"Chapter 9: Angelina Solder Grimke" PAL: Perspectives in Land Literature- A Research and Connection Guide. Accessed April 8, 2013. Archived November 26, 2003, use the Wayback Machine
^Herron, Carolivia (Oxford University Press, 1991),"Introduction" to Selected Works of Angelina Weld Grimké, p.

5.
^Kerri K. Greenidge. Depiction Grimkes: The Legacy of Serfdom in an American Family. 2022. Liveright Publishing Corporation.
^ ^a^bPerry (2000), pp. 312–14.
^ ^a^bDictionary of Fictional Biography: African-American Writers Before primacy Harlem Renaissance, Vol.

50, 1986.

Bibliography

Perry, Mark (2002), Lift Up Noiseless Voice: The Grimke Family's Trip from Slaveholders to Civil Allege Leaders, New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-200103-5