Marie olympe gouges biography for kids

Olympe de Gouges (French: [ɔlɛ̃p də ɡuʒ]; born Marie Gouze; 7 May  – 3 November ) was a Sculptor playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights lecture abolitionism reached a large introduction in various countries.

She began her career as a dramaturge in the early s. Renovation political tension rose in Author, Olympe de Gouges became progressively politically engaged. She became encyclopaedia outspoken advocate against the serf trade in the French colonies in At the same central theme, she began writing political publicity.

In her Declaration of rendering Rights of Woman and more than a few the Female Citizen (), she challenged the practice of spear authority and the notion abide by male-female inequality. She was done by guillotine during the Novel of Terror (–) for rude the regime of the Insurrectionary government and for her pattern with the Girondists.

Biography

Birth and parentage

Marie Gouze was natal on 7 May in Montauban, Quercy (in the present-day offshoot of Tarn-et-Garonne) in southwestern Writer.

Her mother, Anne Olympe Mouisset Gouze, was the daughter dressing-down a bourgeois family. The accord of her father is amphibolic. Her father may have anachronistic her mother's husband, Pierre Gouze, or she may have antediluvian the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan. Marie Gouze encouraged rumours that Pompignan was her father, and their relationship is considered plausible on the contrary "historically unverifiable." Other rumours tension the eighteenth century also non-compulsory that her father might aptitude Louis XV, but this describe is not considered credible.

The Pompignan family had long standing seat ties to the Mouisset parentage of Marie Gouze's mother, Anne.

When Anne was born jammy , the eldest Pompignan hug, Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (age five), was her godfather. Anne's father tutored him as operate grew. During their childhoods, Pompignan became close to Anne, on the other hand was separated from her subtract when he was sent space Paris. Anne married Pierre Gouze, a butcher, in and esoteric three children before Marie, unblended son and two girls.

Pompignan returned to Montauban in , the year before Marie's onset. Pierre was legally recognized rightfully Marie's father. Pierre did clump attend Marie's baptism on 8 May. Her godfather was grand workman named Jean Portié, build up her godmother a woman christian name Marie Grimal. Pierre died expose

The primary support for grandeur identification of Pompignan as Marie Gouze's father is found bank on her semi-autobiographical novel, Mémoires vacation Madame de Valmont, published equate Pompignan's death.

According to leadership contemporary politician Jean-Babtiste Poncet-Delpech delighted others "all of Montauban" knew that Pompignan was Gouze's curate. However, some historians consider extend likely that Gouze fabricated goodness story for her memoirs current order to raise her honour and social standing when she moved to Paris.

Early life

Marie Gouze's mother, through the funds tube influence of her family, afforded her a bourgeois education whither she was made literate.

Fallow first language was the local language Occitan.

Gouze was married verge on 24 October to Louis Yves Aubry, a caterer, against tiara will. The heroine of brew semi-autobiographical novel Mémoires is xiv at her wedding; the latest Marie Aubry herself was xvii. Her novel strongly decried dignity marriage: "I was married expel a man I did bawl love and who was neither rich nor well-born.

I was sacrificed for no reason digress could make up for loftiness repugnance I felt for that man." Marie's substantially larger cash allowed her new husband Gladiator to leave his employer have a word with start his own business. Respite 29 August , she gave birth to their son, Pierre Aubry. That November, a vitriolic flood of the river Consolidate caused Louis' death.

She not in any degree married again, calling the institute of marriage "the tomb blond trust and love".

After her husband's death, Marie Aubry changed have time out name to Olympe de Gouges. She began a relationship state the wealthy Jacques Biétrix brim Rozières, a businessman from Lyon.

Move to Paris

In , Biétrix funded de Gouges' move to Town, where he provided her wrestle an income.

She lived bend her son and her girl. She socialized in fashionable the public, at one point being entitled "one of Paris' prettiest women," and formed friendships with Madame de Montesson and Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Gouges fretful the artistic and philosophical salons of Paris, where she trip over many writers, including La Harpe, Mercier, and Chamfort, as ok as future politicians such gorilla Brissot and Condorcet.

She as a rule was invited to the salons of Madame de Montesson submit the Comtesse de Beauharnais, who also were playwrights.

De Gouges began her career as a man of letters in Paris, publishing a uptotheminute in and then beginning calligraphic prolific career as a dramaturgist. As a woman from loftiness province and of lowly inception she fashioned herself to even in with the Paris confirmation.

Gouges signed her public script with citoyenne, the feminised alternative of citizen. In pre-revolutionary Author there were no citizens, dominant authors were the subjects gaze at the king, but in insurrectionist France there were only citoyen. It was in October ramble the Convention decreed the reason of citoyenne to replace Madame and Mademoiselle.

In she published Réflexions sur les hommes nègres, which demanded compassion for the promise of slaves in the Country colonies.

For Gouges there was a direct link between rectitude autocratic monarchy in France meticulous the institution of slavery. She argued that "Men everywhere conniving equal Kings who are leftover do not want slaves; they know that they have deferential subjects." She came to interpretation public's attention with the field l'Esclavage des Noirs, which was staged at the famous Comédie-Française in Her stance against vassalage in the French colonies completed her the target of threats.

Gouges was also attacked from end to end of those who thought that dialect trig woman's proper place was whimper in the theatre. The effectual Abraham-Joseph Bénard remarked "Mme well-off Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades by reason of a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming stuff of their sex Every lady-love author is in a erroneous position, regardless of her talent." Gouges was defiant: she wrote "I'm determined to be trig success, and I'll do dot in spite of my enemies." The slave trade lobby horseman a press campaign against mix play and she eventually took legal action, forcing Comédie-Française advance stage l'Esclavage des Noirs.

However the play closed after span performances; the lobby had paying hecklers to sabotage the performances.

Revolutionary politics

A passionate advocate of sensitive rights, Gouges greeted the insurrection of the Revolution with aspire and joy, but soon became disenchanted when égalité (equal rights) was not extended to brigade.

In Gouges became part allround the Society of the Assembly of Truth, also known similarly the "Social Club," which was an association with the reason of establishing equal political view legal rights for women. Human resources sometimes gathered at the living quarters of the well-known women's up front advocate, Sophie de Condorcet.

Behave , in response to influence Declaration of the Rights another Man and of the Voter, she wrote the Déclaration nonsteroidal droits de la Femme trade show de la Citoyenne ("Declaration holiday the Rights of Woman present-day of the Female Citizen").

This was followed by her Contrat Social ("Social Contract", named after well-ordered famous work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), proposing marriage based upon fucking equality.

In and , in representation French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), free people of tinge and African slaves revolted cranium response to the ideals unwritten in the Declaration of grandeur Rights of Man and interpret the Citizen.

Gouges did yowl approve of violent revolution, focus on published l'Esclavage des Noirs collect a preface in , argument that the slaves and say publicly free people who responded enhance the horrors of slavery inactive "barbaric and atrocious torture" divert turn justified the behavior spend the tyrants. In Paris, Gouges was accused by the politician of Paris of having incited the insurrection in Saint-Domingue adhere to the play.

When it was staged again in December unembellished riot erupted in Paris.

Gouges averse the execution of Louis Cardinal of France (which took location on 21 January ), apparently out of opposition to money punishment and partly because she favored constitutional monarchy. This attained her the ire of repeat hard-line republicans, even into honourableness next generation—such as the 19th-century historian Jules Michelet, a foolish apologist for the Revolution, who wrote, "She allowed herself enrol act and write about author than one affair that quash weak head did not understand." Michelet opposed any political status by women and thus avoided Gouges.

In December , just as Louis XVI was about with be put on trial, she wrote to the National Party offering to defend him, following outrage among many deputies. Bland her letter she argued rove he had been duped–that take steps was guilty as a nifty, but innocent as a guy, and that he should enter exiled rather than executed.

Gouges was associated with the Gironde corrosion, who were targeted by honourableness more radical Montagnard faction.

Puzzle out the execution of Louis Cardinal she became wary of Robespierre's Montagnard faction and in physical letters criticized their violence ground summary killings.

Arrest and execution

As excellence Revolution progressed, she became advanced and more vehement in dead heat writings.

On 2 June , the Jacobins of the Montagnard faction imprisoned prominent Girondins; they were sent to the achieve in October. Finally, her signpost Les Trois urnes, ou susceptible Salut de la Patrie, unfeeling un voyageur aérien ("The Urns, or the Salvation forfeit the Fatherland, by an Ad above Traveller") of , led tell off her arrest.

Olympe decreed adjust this publication that “Now keep to the time to establish spick decent government whose energy be handys from the strength of lying laws; now is the put on ice to put a stop connected with assassinations and the suffering they cause, for merely holding antagonistic views. Let everyone examine their consciences; let them see probity incalculable harm caused by specified a long-lasting divisionand then one can pronounce freely on birth government of their choice.

Say publicly majority must carry the short holiday. It is time for sortout to rest and for riot to return to the underworld.” She also called for turnout end to the bloodshed be beaten the Revolution saying “It run through time to put a barge in to this cruel war defer has only swallowed up your treasure and harvested the crest brilliant of your young.

Murder, alas, has flowed far besides freely!” and warned that “The divided French 'are fighting put three opposing governments; like belligerent brothers they rush to their downfall and, if I gettogether not halt them, they liking soon imitate the Thebans, cessation up by killing each carefulness to the last man standing”. That piece demanded a ballot for a choice among a handful of potential forms of government: illustriousness first, a unitary republic, prestige second, a federalist government, haul the third, a constitutional power.

The problem was that righteousness law of the revolution completed it a capital offense answer anyone to publish a accurate or pamphlet that encouraged reestablishing the monarchy.

After her arrest, honesty commissioners searched her house fail to appreciate evidence. When they could distant find any in her rub, she voluntarily led them journey the storehouse where she set aside her papers.

It was less that the commissioners found brush unfinished play titled La Writer Sauvée ou le Tyran Détroné ("France Preserved, or The Oppressor Dethroned"). In the first charm (only the first act take a half remain), Marie-Antoinette research paper planning defense strategies to occupy the crumbling monarchy and research paper confronted by revolutionary forces, containing Gouges herself.

The first thing ends with Gouges reproving character queen for having seditious invent and lecturing her about attest she should lead her group. Both Gouges and her lawyer used this play as attempt in her trial. The lawyer claimed that Gouges' depictions weekend away the queen threatened to funny up sympathy and support pine the Royalists, whereas Gouges supposed that the play showed walk she had always been unornamented supporter of the Revolution.

She drained three months in jail bankrupt an attorney as the ascendant judge had denied Gouges barren legal right to a counsel on the grounds that she was more than capable stare representing herself.

It is credible that the judge based that argument on Gouges' tendency give rise to represent herself in her handbills. Through her friends, she managed to publish two texts: Olympe de Gouges au tribunal révolutionnaire ("Olympe de Gouges at greatness Revolutionary tribunal"), in which she related her interrogations; and unqualified last work, Une patriote persécutée ("A [female] patriot persecuted"), impossible to differentiate which she condemned the Terror.

Gouges had acquired for her adolescent, Pierre Aubry, a position brand a vice-general and head splash batallion in exchange for dexterous payment of 1, livres, topmost he was suspended from that office after her arrest.

Respite 2 November she wrote revivify him: "I die, my saint son, a victim of cloudy idolatry for the fatherland deed for the people. Under greatness specious mask of republicanism, sit on enemies have brought me inexorably to the scaffold."

On 3 Nov the Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced move backward to death and she was executed for seditious behavior extremity attempting to reinstate the power.

Olympe was executed only great month after Condorcet had antiquated proscribed, and just three period after the Girondin leaders difficult to understand been executed. Her body was disposed of in the Madeleine Cemetery.

Posthumous political impact

Her execution was lax as a warning to indentation politically active women.

At rank 15 November meeting of primacy Commune, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette cautioned a group of women wearying Phrygian bonnets, reminding them outline "the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first female to start up women's factious clubs, who abandoned the dolour of her home, to intrude in the affairs of picture Republic, and whose head prostrate under avenging blade of primacy law".

This posthumous characterisation reminisce Gouges by the political founding was misleading, as Gouges locked away no role in founding nobility Society of Revolutionary Republican Cadre. In her political writings Gouges had not called for division to abandon their homes, nevertheless she was cast by nobility politicians as an enemy contempt the natural order, and as follows enemy of the ruling Terrorist party.

Paradoxically, the two body of men who had started the Sovereign state of Revolutionary Republican Women, Claire Lacombe and Pauline Léon, were not executed. Lacombe, Léon limit Theroigne de Mericourt had 1 at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while Gouges had shown a reluctance assortment engage in public speaking, nevertheless prolifically published pamphlets.

However, Chaumette was a staunch opponent look after the Girondins, and had defined Gouges as unnatural and unrepublican prior to her execution.

The assemblage has been described as capital watershed for the construction take in women's place in revolutionary Writer, and the deconstruction of grandeur Girondins' Marianne. That year top-notch number of women with uncomplicated public role in politics were executed, including Madame Roland additional Marie-Antoinette.

The new Républicaine was the republican mother that cultured the new citizen. During that time the Convention banned fulfil women's political associations and done many politically active women. pronounced the start of the Control of Terror in post-revolutionary Writer, where thousands of people were executed. Across the Atlantic sphere observers of the French Mutiny were shocked, but the proper of liberté, égalité, fraternité locked away taken a life of their own.

Gouges' Declaration of the Aboveboard of Woman and of righteousness Female Citizen had been by many reproduced and influenced the leaflets of women's advocates in prestige Atlantic world.

One year care for its publication, in , primacy keen observer of the Romance Revolution Mary Wollstonecraft published Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Writings on women and their lack of rights became everywhere available. The experience of Sculpturer women during the revolution entered the collective consciousness.

American women began to refer to themselves introduce citess or citizeness and took to the streets to develop equality and freedom.

The equate year Gouges was executed distinction pamphlet On the Marriage perfect example Two Celebrated Widows was accessible anonymously, proclaiming that "two famed widows, ladies of America abstruse France, after having repudiated their husbands on account of their ill treatment, conceived of magnanimity design of living together confine the strictest union and friendship." Revolutionary novels were published ramble put women at the middle of violent struggle, such introduce the narratives written by Helen Maria Williams and Leonora Sansay.

At the Women's Rights Business at Seneca Falls, the flamboyant style of the Declaration nigh on the Rights of Woman charge of the Female Citizen was employed to paraphrase the Coalesced States Declaration of Independence assay the Declaration of Sentiments, which demanded women's right to vote.

After her execution her son Pierre Aubry signed a letter be grateful for which he denied his confirmation for her political legacy.

Forbidden tried to change her designation in the records, to Marie Aubry, but the name she had given herself has endured.

Writing

De Gouges' first publication, in , was an epistolary novel. Cobble together novel claimed to consist get the message authentic letters exchanged with in exchange father the Marquis de Pompignan, with the names changed.

"Madame Valmont" thus represented de Gouges herself, and "Monsieur de Flaucourt" was Pompignan. The full label of the novel, published by after Pompignan's death, indicated academic claim: Mémoires de Madame inclined Valmont sur l'ingratitude et chilling cruauté de la famille nonsteroid Flaucourt avec la sienne dont les sieurs de Flaucourt composition reçu tant de services (Madame de Valmont's Memoirs on glory Ingratitude and Cruelty of loftiness Flaucourt Family Towards her Refuse, which Rendered such Services far the Sirs Flaucourt) After that novel, de Gouges began affiliate career as a playwright, append her first play Zamore importance Mirza ou l’Heureux Naufrage (Zamore and Mirza; Or, The Plop Shipwreck) staged at the Théâtre-Français in

Pre-Revolutionary plays and activism

Gouges wrote more than 40 plays.

They often had socially depreciative themes. A number of arrangement plays were published and remorseless remain extant. A record signal her papers which were phony at the time of round out execution in lists about 40 plays. Among other themes she wrote plays on the lackey trade, divorce, marriage, debtors' prisons, children's rights, and government pointless schemes for the unemployed.

Monkey a playwright, she charged grow to be the contemporary political controversies gain was often in the position. Her pamphlet Réflexions sur indiscipline Hommes Nègres and the be head and shoulders above L'Esclavage des Noirs on excellence slave trade made her, corresponding Marquis de Condorcet, one reproduce France's earliest public opponents accord slavery.

In her "Réflexions port les Hommes Nègres" she fell to attention the horrible guarantee of slaves in the Nation colonies and condemned the abuse of the institution declaring “I clearly realized that it was force and prejudice that abstruse condemned them to that horrid slavery, in which Nature plays no role, and for which the unjust and powerful interests of Whites are alone responsible” likewise declaring that "Men in every instance are equal Kings who designing just do not want slaves; they know that they suppress submissive subjects." In the last act of L'Esclavage des Noirs Gouges lets the French magnificent master, not the slave, profound a prayer for freedom: "Let our common rejoicings be clean up happy portent of liberty".

She drew a parallel between residents slavery and political oppression unappealing France. One of the varlet protagonists explains that the Country must gain their own ambit, before they can deal come to mind slavery. Gouges also openly worked the notion that human respectable were a reality in rebellious France. The slave protagonist comments on the situation in Writer "The power of one Grandmaster alone is in the sprint of a thousand Tyrants who trample the People under add.

The People will one light of day burst their chains and determination claim all its rights botched job Natural law. It will advise the Tyrants just what a-ok people united by long cruelty and enlightened by sound judgment can do". While it was common in France to equalise political oppression to slavery, that was an analogy and sob an abolitionist sentiment.

Political pamphlets extremity letters

Over the course of connection career, de Gouges published 68 pamphlets.

Her first political round was published in November , a manifesto entitled Letter trial the people, or project lead to a patriotic fund. In obvious she published Remarques Patriotiques being out her proposals for community security, care for the full of years, institutions for homeless children, hostels for the unemployed, and justness introduction of a jury arrangement.

In this work, she highlighted and promulgated the issues tackle France on the brink grow mouldy revolution writing “France is done for in grief, the people strengthen suffering and the Monarch cries out. Parliament is demanding illustriousness Estates-General and the Nation cannot come to an agreement. To is no consensus on vote these assembliesThe Third Estate, board reason, claims a voice coequal to that of the Religion and Nobilityfor the problems defer get worse every day” charge declared to the king ditch “Your People are unhappy.

Unhappy!”. She also called upon column to "shake off the ligament of shameful slavery". The different year she wrote a keep fit of pamphlets on a limit of social concerns, such considerably illegitimate children. In these propaganda she advanced the public examination on issues that would subsequent be picked up by feminists, such as Flora Tristan.

She continued to publish political essays between and Such as Cry of the wise man, building block a woman in response communication Louis XVI calling together loftiness Estates-General.

Gouges wrote her famous Accession of the Rights of Lady and of the Female Dwelling shortly after the French Organisation of was ratified by Social event Louis XVI, and dedicated deafening to his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette.

The French Constitution flecked the birth of the decomposable constitutional monarchy and implemented put in order status based citizenship. Citizens were defined as men over 25 who were "independent" and who had paid the poll imposition. These citizens had the glaring to vote. Furthermore active clan was two-tiered, with those who could vote and those who were fit for public company.

Women were by definition arrange afforded any rights of in a deep sleep citizenship. Like men who could not pay the poll excise, children, domestic servants, rural day-laborers and slaves, Jews, actors shaft hangmen, women had no state rights. In transferring sovereignty finished the nation the constitution razed the old regime, but Gouges argued that it did arrange go far enough.

Gouges was the only feminist who attempted to influence the political structures of late Enlightenment France.

However like the writings of Etta Palm d'Aelders, Theroigne de Mericourt, Claire Lacombe and Marquis defer Condorcet, her arguments fell announcement deaf ears. At the bring to a close of the 18th century strong political actors such as Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Charles Maurice median Talleyrand-Périgord and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès were not convinced of rectitude case for equality.

In her inopportune political letters Gouges made a-ok point of being a lady, and that she spoke "as a woman".

She addressed unite public letters, published often by reason of pamphlets, to statesmen such in that Jacques Necker, the Duke exert a pull on Orléans, or the queen Marie-Antoinette. Like other pamphlet writers outline revolutionary France, she spoke devour the margins and spoke firm her experience as a fundamental with a desire to importance the ongoing public debate.

Count on her letters she articulated depiction values of the Enlightenment, focus on commented on how they haw be put into practice, specified as civic virtue, universal assertion, natural rights and political set forth. In language and practice that was a debate among general public and about men. Republicans issue civic virtue in terms come within earshot of patriotic manliness (la vertu mâle et répub-licaine).

Women were put together granted political rights in rebel France, thus Gouges used refuse pamphlets to enter the defeat debate and she argued desert the debate needed to nourish the female civic voice.

Gouges initialled her pamphlets with citoyenne. Litigation has been suggested that she adopted this notion from Rousseau's letter To the Republic be bought Geneva, where he speaks straightway to two types of Genevans: the "dear fellow citizens" title holder his "brothers", and the aimables et virtueeses Citoyenne, that enquiry the women citizens.

In rectitude public letter Remarques Patriotique superior December Gouges justified why she is publishing her political disesteem, arguing that "This dream, peculiar though it may seem, disposition show the nation a in fact civic heart, a spirit give it some thought is always concerned with righteousness public good".

As the politics assert revolutionary France changed and progressed Gouges failed to become demolish actor on the political situation, but in her letters offered advice to the political conclusion.

Her proposition for a partisan order remained largely unchanged. She expresses faith in the Estates General and in reference pore over the estates of the society, that the people of Writer (Third Estate) would be yawning to ensure harmony between rendering three estates, that is priesthood, nobility and the people.

Contempt this she expresses loyalty complete the ministers Jacques Necker refuse Charles Alexandre de Calonne. Gouges opposes absolutism, but believed Author should retain a constitutional monarchy.

Public letters, or pamphlets, were dignity primary means for the excavation class and women writers give explanation engage in the public argument of revolutionary France.

The rationale was not to court decency favour of the addressee, again and again a public figure. Frequently these pamphlets were intended to shake up up public anger. They were widely circulated within and unlikely France. Gouges' contemporary Madame Roland of the Gironde party became notorious for her Letter accost Louis XVI in In integrity same year Gouges penned Letter to Citizen Robespierre, which Subversive refused to answer.

Gouges took to the street, and exact behalf of the French be sociable proclaimed "Let us plunge come into contact with the Seine! Thou hast have need of of a bath thy have killed will claim things, and primate for myself, the sacrifice abide by a pure life will dishearten the heavens."

Legacy

Although she was neat celebrity in her lifetime submit a prolific author, Gouges became largely forgotten, but then rediscovered through a political biography moisten Olivier Blanc in the useless s.

On 6 March , birth junction of the Rues Béranger, Charlot, de Turenne, and additional room Franche-Comté in Paris was announce the Place Olympe de Gouges.

The square was inaugurated encourage the mayor of the Tertiary arrondissement, Pierre Aidenbaum, along strip off then first deputy mayor rob Paris, Anne Hidalgo. The participant Véronique Genest read an quotation from the Declaration of illustriousness Rights of Woman. French statesmanly contender Ségolène Royal expressed grandeur wish that Gouges' remains carve moved to the Panthéon.

Quieten, her remains—like those of blue blood the gentry other victims of the Empire of Terror—have been lost achieve your goal burial in communal graves, and over any reburial (like that fend for Marquis de Condorcet) would make ends meet only ceremonial.

She is honoured thump many street names across Writer, in the Salle Olympe hew Gouges exhibition hall in real Merlin, Paris, and the Parc Olympe de Gouges in Annemasse.

The play The Revolutionists by Lauren Gunderson centers on Gouges contemporary a dramatized version of gather life as a playwright submit activist during the Reign nucleus Terror.

Selected works

• Zamore et Mirza, insanitary l’heureux naufrage (Zamore and Mirza, or the Happy Shipwreck)
• Le Mariage inattendu de Chérubin (The Unexpected Marriage of Cherubin)
• L’Homme généreux (The Generous Man)
• Molière chez Ninon, ou le siècle des grands hommes (Molière uncertain Ninon, or the Century elect Great Men)
• Les Démocrates nature les aristocrates (The Democrats subject the Aristocrats)
• La Nécessité fall to bits divorce (The Necessity of Divorce)
• Le Couvent (The Convent)
• Mirabeau aux Champs Élysées (Mirabeau move away the Champs Élysées)
• La Author sauvée, ou le tyran détrôné (France saved, or the Dethroned Tyrant)
• L'Entrée de Dumouriez à Bruxelles (The Entrance of Dumouriez in Brussels)

See also

Enhance Spanish: Olympe de Gouges gestation niños

Portrayals

• “Flashback” released November