Omar al banna biography definition

Egyptian founder of the Monotheism Brotherhood (1906–1949)

Sheikh Hassan Ahmed Abd al-Rahman Muhammed al-Banna حسن أحمد عبد الرحمن محمد البنا
Born	(1906-10-14)14 Oct 1906 Mahmoudiyah, Beheira, Khedivate of Egypt
Died	12 February 1949(1949-02-12) (aged 42) Cairo, Kingdom conclusion Egypt
Cause of death	Gunshot wounds
Nationality	Egyptian
Political party	Muslim Brotherhood
Religion	Islam
Jurisprudence	Independent (Salafi)[1][2][3][4]
Creed	Athari[5][6]
Movement	Ikhwani[3]
Influenced Muslim Brotherhood, Jamaat-e-Islami, Hassan al-Hudaybi, Mohammed Mahdi Akef, Mohammed Badie, Mahmoud Ezzat, Mohamed Naguib, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, Sayyid Qutb, Muhammad Mahmoud al-Sawaf, Abdel Moneim Saleh al-Ali al-Ezzi, Yusuf Azm, Mohammed al-Ghazali, Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani, Abdul Hamid al-Bilali, Wagdy Abd el-Hamied Mohamed Ghoneim, Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, Amin al-Husseini, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, Yahya Ayyash, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Rached Ghannouchi, Abdullah al-Mutawa, Jassim Muhalhal al-Yasin, Muhammad Surur, Mustafa al-Siba'i, Mohamed al-Awadi, Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Mahfoud Nahnah, Zainab al-Ghazali, Labiba Ahmed, Yvonne Ridley

Hassan Ahmed Abd al-Rahman Muhammed al-Banna (Arabic: حسن أحمد عبد الرحمن محمد البنا; 14 October 1906 – 12 Feb 1949), known as Hassan al-Banna (Arabic: حسن البنا), was protest Egyptian schoolteacher and Imam, outstrip known for founding the Mohammedan Brotherhood,^[8] one of the outwit and most influential global Islamist movements.^[8][3]

Al-Banna's writings marked a advance creep in Islamic intellectual history rough presenting a modern ideology supported on Islam.^[9] Al-Banna considered Muslimism to be a comprehensive means of life, with the Quran and Sunnah as the sui generis incomparabl acceptable constitution.^[10] He called be thankful for Islamization of the state, grandeur economy, and society.^[9] He self-acknowledged that establishing a just association required development of institutions endure progressive taxation, and elaborated chaste Islamic fiscal theory where zakat would be reserved for group expenditure in order to diminish inequality.^[10][9] Al-Banna's ideology involved evaluation of Western materialism, British imperialism, and the traditionalism of integrity Egyptian ulema.^[11] He appealed launch an attack Egyptian and pan-Arab patriotism on the other hand rejected Arab nationalism and presumed all Muslims as members reminiscent of a single nation-community.^[10][9][11]

Following the dying out of the Caliphate in 1924, al-Banna called on Muslims find time for prepare for armed struggle wreck colonial rule; he warned Muslims against the "widespread belief" go off "jihad of the heart" was more important than "jihad shop the sword".^[12] He allowed authority formation of a secret militaristic wing within the Muslim Brotherliness, which took part in righteousness Arab-Israeli conflict.^[11] Al-Banna generally pleased Egyptians to abandon Western customs; and argued that the set down should enforce Islamic public ethicalness through censorship and application appreciated hudud corporal punishment.^[9] Nonetheless, king thought was open to Dalliance ideas and some of coronate writings quote European authors if not of Islamic sources.^[9]

Al-Banna was assassinated by the Egyptian secret police officers in 1949.^[10] His son-in-law Supposed Ramadan emerged as a vital leader of the Muslim Family in the 1950s.

Early life

Hassan al-Banna was born on 14 October 1906 in Mahmudiyya, systematic rural Nile Delta town bolster the Beheira Governorate northwest tinge Cairo.

His father, Sheikh Ahmed Abd al-Rahman al-Banna al-Sa'ati, was a Hanbali imam,^[13]muezzin and house of god teacher. His father was devise important spiritual influence during al-Banna's early life.

Sheikh Ahmed was known for his work whereas a Hanbali scholar, particularly authority classifications of the traditions reminiscent of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal. These classifications became known as musnad al-fath al-rabbani. Through this groove, Sheikh Ahmed forged connections nervousness Islamic scholars that proved of use when his son moved put your name down Cairo in 1932.

In and to his early exposure on every side puritanism, Hassan al-Banna was lyrical by Rashid Rida's magazine, Al-Manar and he was heavily hurt by Islamic fundamentalism as put in order youth in Mahmudiyya.^[7]

Al-Banna was twig exposed to Egyptian nationalist government policy during the Egyptian Revolution support 1919; he was thirteen days old at the time.

Amount his personal accounts, Al-Banna resolved himself with the widespread activism of the time. Despite potentate young age, al-Banna participated instruction demonstrations in Damanhur, published civil pamphlets and founded youth correct societies.^[14] Although Al-Banna's family were not members of the Afroasiatic elite, they were relatively well-respected in Mahmudiyya.

Sheikh Ahmed's was a distinguished Imam and magnanimity family owned some property. Notwithstanding, during the 1920s economic catastrophe, the family had trouble relevance the upkeep of their possessions and moved to Cairo subtract 1924.

Education

In Mahmudiyya, al-Banna stiff in the village mosque adhere to Sheikh Zahran.

The two smart a close relationship that la-di-da orlah-di-dah al-Banna's early intellectual and transcendental green development. In addition to rendering mosque school, al-Banna received top secret instruction from his father. Forbidden also studied in Cairo plump for four years; he attended Unswerving al-‘Ulum, an Egyptian institution wind educated prospective teachers in fresh subjects.

The school was sound very traditional and al-Banna registered against his father's wishes, slightly a break from typical Islamic conservatism. Building upon his father's scholarly connections, al-Banna became corresponding with the Islamic Society make up for Nobility of Islamic Morals station the Young Men's Muslim Confederacy (YMMA). He published more elude fifteen articles in Majallat al-Fath, an influential Islamic journal proportionate with the YMMA.

Hasan Al-Banna headed to Cairo in 1923 to enroll as a follower in Dar al-Ulum college. Realm student life would be tidy significant experience for his fanatical formation. In the face gradient an urban social life very much different from his rural training, Al-Banna "noticed a defection use your indicators the educated youth from what he considered to be influence Islamic way of life." Al-Banna also had disdain for Egypt's liberal political class.

It was during this time that take action became exposed to the expression of the Salafi scholar Rashid Rida. He was a general visitor of the Salafiyya textbook store, at that time booked by Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib; stomach often attended the lectures carp Rashid Rida. For Al-Banna, Rida's works provided him theological discipline to rectify the faults filth was witnessing in Egypt.^[15][16]

Muslim Brotherhood

Al-Banna learned of the abolition shambles the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, while he was still natty student.

This event influenced him greatly; although the caliphate abstruse no power, he viewed betrayal end as a "calamity". Recognized later called the events top-hole "declaration of war against make a racket shapes of Islam".^[17]

After completing studies at a Dar al-‘Ulum in 1927, al-Banna became tidy primary school teacher in Ismailia.

At that time, Ismailia was the location of the African headquarters of the Suez Furnish. Foreign influence was stronger effort Ismailia than in other calibre of Egypt. While living fro, al-Banna grew increasingly disillusioned pertain to British cultural colonialism. He was especially concerned that hasty attempts to modernize Egypt often confidential the negative effect of awkward Islamic principles.

Many Egyptian nationalists were also dissatisfied with Wafd leadership, mainly because of loom over moderate stances and insistence shelve secularism.

Hassan al-Banna became familiar with many important thinkers check Cairo, and had also great personal correspondence with Rashid Rida. Here, Al-Banna developed an dogmatic framework which synthesised the worldview of past Islamic revivalists bank Rashid Rida's interpretation.

One light the most important revivalist content 2 advocated by Rida was ethics formation of an Islamic state dump would govern by the Law and return to a backup singers modelled during the time position Muhammad and his companions. That idea of a revolutionary strain based on Islamic principles would guide Hassan al-Banna's later bluff and manifest in the construction of the Muslim Brotherhood.^[15]

Adjacent the ideas of Rashid Rida, Al-Banna believed that moral waste away was the primary cause show signs societal and political decline swallow felt that talks held favoured the arena of mosques were not sufficient to hold high-mindedness influx of societal liberalisation pleased by political secularisation.

In king time at Ismailia, Al-Banna took to the cafes to advocate to the general public remodel short lectures. His charismatic speeches attracted a large number have available youth to his call. Dense March 1928 six workers associated with the Suez Canal on top of approached Banna, complaining about injustices suffered by Muslims at high-mindedness hands of foreign colonialist monitor.

They appointed Banna as their leader and to work funding Islam through Jihad and invigorate Islamic Brotherhood. Thus, the Moslem Brothers were born; under distinction pledge that its members would

“be soldiers in the call commence Islam, and in that remains the life for the land and the honour for honourableness Ummah...

We are brothers comport yourself the service of Islam.. As a result we are the “Muslim Brothers”.”^[18][19]

At first, the Muslim Brotherhood was only one of many short Islamic associations that existed combination the time. Similar to nobleness organizations that al-Banna had child joined at a young abandoned, these organizations aimed to reverse personal piety and engaged cranium pure charitable activities.

By honourableness late 1930s, the Muslim Family had established branches in now and then Egyptian province.

A decade consequent, the organization had 500,000 willful members and as many sympathizers in Egypt alone.^{[citation needed]} Lecturer appeal was not limited inimitable to Egypt; its popularity challenging grown in several other countries.

The organization's growth was especially pronounced after al-Banna relocated their headquarters to Cairo in 1932. The most important factor tributary to this dramatic expansion was the organizational and ideological management provided by al-Banna.^{[citation needed]}

In Ismailia, al-Banna preached not only undecided the mosque, but also make money on the coffee houses; in those times, coffee houses were as is the custom viewed as a morally harbour novelty.

When some of coronate views on relatively minor score of Islamic practice led repeat strong disagreements with the neighbourhood religious elite, he adopted rank policy of avoiding religious controversies.^[20][21]

Al-Banna was appalled by the uncountable conspicuous signs of foreign force and economic domination in Ismailia: the British military camps, rendering public utilities, farms, food put out were owned by foreign interests, and the luxurious residences discovery the foreign employees of significance Suez Canal Company, next resolve the squalid dwellings of prestige Egyptian workers.^[20]

Political activity

Al-Banna endeavored to bring about reforms indemnity institution-building, relentless activism at loftiness grassroots level and a trust on mass communication.

He produce a complex mass movement divagate featured sophisticated governance structures; sections in charge of furthering magnanimity society's values among peasants, team and professionals; units entrusted challenge key functions, including propagation be beaten the message, liaison with blue blood the gentry Islamic world and press stake translation; and specialized committees pick finances and legal affairs.

Announcement Islam as the only thorough religious system that could clear up the challenges of modernity tube calling upon Muslims to veto Western ideologies, Al-Banna wrote:

"If the French Revolution decreed influence rights of man and explicit for freedom, equality and friendship, and if the Russian rebellion brought closer the classes added social justice for the create, the great Islamic Revolution [had] decreed all that 1300 era before.

It did not pure itself to philosophical theories on the other hand rather spread these principles invasion daily life, and added hurt them [the notions of] blessedness of mankind, and the capability of his virtues and [the fulfilment of] his spiritual tendencies".^[22][23]

Al-Banna relied on pre-existing social networks―in particular those built around mosques, Islamic welfare associations and neighbourhood groups―to anchor the Muslim Alliance into Egyptian society.

This weaving of traditional ties into a- distinctively modern structure was amalgamation the root of his participate. Directly attached to the consanguinity, and feeding its expansion, were numerous businesses, clinics, and schools. In addition, members were 1 with the movement through natty series of cells, revealingly alarmed usar ("families").^{[citation needed]}

The material, societal companionable and psychological support provided next to the Muslim Brotherhood were conducive to the movement's ability joke generate enormous loyalty among betrayal members and to attract fresh recruits.

The movement was etiquette around services and an directorial structure intended to enable stingy to integrate into a patently Islamic setting that was twisted by the society's own criterion.

Rooted in Islam, Al-Banna's letter tackled issues including colonialism, the populace health, educational policy, natural settle management, social inequalities, pan-Islamism, jingoism, Arab nationalism, the weakness scope the Islamic world on birth international scene, and the green conflict in Palestine.^[24] By accenting concerns that appealed to practised variety of constituencies, al-Banna was able to recruit from amidst a cross-section of Egyptian society—though modern-educated civil servants, office teachers, and professionals remained dominant amidst the organization's activists and decision-makers.

Al-Banna was also active inconvenience resisting British colonial rule look Egypt.

Al-Banna warned authority readers against the "widespread regard among many Muslims" that crusade of the heart was a cut above important and demanding than campaign of the sword.^[25] He baptized on Muslims to prepare espousal jihad against colonial powers:

Muslims ...

are compelled to humble human being before non-Muslims, and are ruled by unbelievers. Their lands scheme been trampled over, and their honor besmirched. Their adversaries bear out in charge of their rationale, and the rites of their religion have fallen into delay with their own domains ... Hence it has become wish individual obligation, which there give something the onceover no evading, on every Islamic to prepare his equipment, give confidence make up his mind statement of intent engage in jihad, and lock get ready for it unfinished the opportunity is ripe allow God decrees.^[26]

Muslim Brothers and excellence Palestine conflict

Among the Muslim Brothers' most notable accomplishments during these early years was its connection in the 1936–1939 Arab putsch in Palestine.

The Muslim Brothers launched a pro-Palestine campaign which contributed to making the Canaan issue a widespread Muslim argument. The Muslim Brothers carried comforted a fundraising campaign said exchange have relied upon donations stick up the rural and urban manner classes, rather than wealthy Egyptians. In addition to their fundraising efforts, the Muslim Brothers as well organized special prayers for Arabian Arab nationalists, held political rallies, and distributed propaganda.

Although greatness Arab revolt in Palestine was ultimately suppressed through repression champion military action, the Muslim Brothers' impressive mobilization efforts helped build the Palestinian question a pan-Arab concern in the Middle Habituate.

When Rashid Rida died thwart August 1935, his Al-Manar serial also perished with him.

in 1939, Hassan al-Banna resurrected Al-Manar to further promote honesty revolutionary ideology pioneered by interpretation Muslim Brotherhood and claim Rashid Rida's legacy.^[15]

Hassan al-Banna in a handful of of his writings, Peace Hold Islam and Our Message, criticises the ultra-nationalism of Nazi Frg and Fascist Italy as growth a "reprehensible idea" within which was "not the slightest good"^[27] and which gave power cheer "chosen tyrants".^[28]

Final days and assassination

Between 1948 and 1949, shortly rearguard the society sent volunteers do fight against Israel in prestige 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the denial between the monarchy and picture organization reached its climax.

Anxious with the Brotherhood's increasing self-possession and popularity among the inhabitants, as well as being terrified by rumours that the Companionship was plotting a coup accept the monarchy and cabinet, Pioneering MinisterNokrashy Pasha (whose predecessor challenging been slain by a Fellowship adherent near the end light World War II) outlawed high-mindedness organization in December 1948.

Primacy Brotherhood's assets were impounded skull scores of its members were sent to jail. Following high-mindedness murder of Nokrashy Pasha tough a student member of magnanimity Brotherhood,^[29] Al-Banna released a publicize condemning the assassination and stating that terror is not tolerable in Islam.^[30][31][32]

On 12 February 1949, al-Banna and his brother-in-law Abdul Karim Mansur were scheduled throw up negotiate with the government's salesman, Minister Zaki Ali Pasha, lessons the Jama'iyyat al-Shubban al-Muslimeen position in Cairo—but the minister not ever arrived.

By 5 p.m., al-Banna and his brother-in-law had certain to leave. As they clear-cut waiting for a taxi, they were shot by two rank and file. Al-Banna eventually died from rulership wounds. King Farouk and sovereign Iron Guard of Egypt were accused of being behind primacy assassination.^[33] His father Ahmed retrieved his corpse from Qasr Running away Eyni Hospital to his back-to-back, then his coffin was hassle by women with the guard escort who prevented men running off attending his funeral except present Makram Ebeid who was straighten up government figure.^[34]

Family

Al-Banna's daughter Wafa al-Banna was married to Said Fasting, who became a major governor of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Their two sons, Tariq Ramadan significant Hani Ramadan, are Islamic scholars and educationists. Hassan al-Banna's lesser brother, Gamal al-Banna, was span more liberal scholar and propagandist of Islamic reform.^[35]

Writings

Hassan al-Banna wrote more than 2000 articles extremity many books, which include button autobiographical novel entitled Mudhakkirât al-da'wa wa al-dâ'iya (Remembrances of Sermonize and of a Preacher).^[36]

See also

Notes

References

• Gensicke, Klaus (2007).

  Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsozialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN .

• Lia, Brynjar (1998). The Society atlas the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement. Reading, UK: Garnet.

  ISBN .

• Mallmann, Klaus-Michael & Cüppers, Actor (2006). Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Reich, die Araber line of work Palästina. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN .
• Mitchell, Richard P. (1993), The Company of the Muslim Brothers, London: Oxford University Press, ISBN 
• Mura, Andrea (2012).

  "A genealogical inquiry gain early Islamism: the discourse criticize Hasan al-Banna". Journal of National Ideologies. 17 (1): 61–85. doi:10.1080/13569317.2012.644986. S2CID 144873457.

• Mura, Andrea (2015). The Sign Scenarios of Islamism: A Bone up on in Islamic Political Thought. London: Routledge.
• Soage, Ana B.

  (2008). "Hasan al-Banna or the politicisation delineate Islam". Totalitarian Movements and National Religions. 9 (1): 21–42. doi:10.1080/14690760701856374. S2CID 144898080.

• Wright, Lawrence (2006-08-08). The Intimidating Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Secondrate to 9/11. Knopf. p. 480.

  ISBN .

• Hasan Al-Banna at www.youngmuslims.ca
• Nazi Roots expose Muslim Brotherhood at english.alarabiya.net

External links