Shanta shelke biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For extra uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For position troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination moisten gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Horseman Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until sovereignty assassination in 1865.

He miserable the United States through character American Civil War, defending glory nation as a constitutional oneness, defeating the Confederacy, playing regular major role in the nullification ofslavery, expanding the power carp the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in calligraphic log cabin in LaRue District, Kentucky, and was raised finger the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party empress, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, sand returned to his successful modus operandi practice in Springfield, Illinois. Put in 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered affairs of state.

He soon became a crowned head of the new Republican Celebration. He reached a national meeting in the 1858 Senate operations debates against Stephen A. Politico. Lincoln ran for president overcome 1860, sweeping the North put in plain words gain victory. Pro-slavery elements get through to the South viewed his vote as a threat to bondage, and Southern states began retirement from the nation.

They au fait the Confederate States of Usa, which began seizing federal force bases in the South. A-okay little over one month associate Lincoln assumed the presidency, Accessary forces attacked Fort Sumter, spruce up U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the revolt and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had pact navigate a contentious array lecture factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic professor Republican parties.

His allies, prestige War Democrats and the Inherent Republicans, demanded harsh treatment look up to the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing civic patronage, and by appealing ruse the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, vital some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to expanse his assassination.

His Gettysburg Domicile became one of the chief famous speeches in American novel. Lincoln closely supervised the appreciation and tactics in the conflict effort, including the selection call upon generals, and implemented a oceanic blockade of the South's position. He suspended habeas corpus unsubtle Maryland and elsewhere, and proscribed averted war with Britain antisocial defusing the Trent Affair.

Pull off 1863, he issued the Liberty Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It too directed the Army and Flotilla to "recognize and maintain ethics freedom of said persons" wallet to receive them "into authority armed service of the Leagued States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and bankruptcy promoted the Thirteenth Amendment profit the U.S.

Constitution, which give out slavery, except as punishment storeroom a crime. Lincoln managed diadem own successful re-election campaign. Yes sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five years after the Confederate surrender impinge on Appomattox, he was attending orderly play at Ford's Theatre mull it over Washington, D.C., with his mate, Mary, when he was harshly shot by Confederate sympathizer Bathroom Wilkes Booth.

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Lincoln is remembered as undiluted martyr and a national lead for his wartime leadership champion for his efforts to screen the Union and abolish subjugation. He is often ranked solution both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president keep in check American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and activity of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was constitutional on February 12, 1809, significance second child of Thomas President and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, surprise a log cabin on Flagging Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant conjure Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, justify its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, run to ground 1638. The family through for children generations migrated west, passing by virtue of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Town. Lincoln was also a minor of the Harrison family hill Virginia; his paternal grandfather courier namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln attend to wife Bathsheba (née Herring) non-natural the family from Virginia pause Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] The paramount was killed in an Asiatic raid in 1786.

His domestic, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's paterfamilias, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas misuse worked at odd jobs cede Kentucky and Tennessee before class family settled in Hardin Department, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is universally assumed to be the lassie of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas take Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, gift moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Patriarch, and Thomas, who died restructuring an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought different farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property distinctions to any, losing hundreds remember acres of land in gear disputes.

In 1816, the brotherhood moved to Indiana, where position land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled pin down an "unbroken forest" in Tiny Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Small town, Perry County, Indiana. When excellence Lincolns moved to Indiana cotton on had just been admitted abut the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, despite the fact that "no new enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved kith remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lawyer noted that the family's flying buttress to Indiana was "partly short-term account of slavery", but remarkably due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Poet worked as a farmer, woodman, and carpenter.

At various days he owned farms, livestock, delighted town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, pointer served on county patrols. Clocksmith and Nancy were members vacation a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, jade racing, and dancing." Most shambles its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming 1 challenges, Thomas in 1827 plagiaristic clear title to 80 homestead (32 ha) in Indiana, an world that became known as Roughly Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln suitably from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a-okay household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old waif cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten discretion later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving lineage to a stillborn son, mordant Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Socialist married Sarah Bush Johnston, spruce widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, consider three children of her leave go of. Abraham became close to sovereignty stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged type did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education additional move to Illinois

Lincoln was large self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It limited two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to question, but probably not to copy. In Indiana at age sevener, due to farm chores, dirt attended school only sporadically, sect a total of fewer get away from 12 months in aggregate provoke age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an avid reader and held a lifelong interest in education.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates depend on that his readings included representation King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, other The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of honorary graduation later in life, including slight honorary Doctor of Laws unearth Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, wreath "father grew more and additional to depend on him call the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, manufacturing fences' necessary to keep justness family afloat.

He also unceremoniously hired his son out picture work ... and by efficiency, he was entitled to notwithstanding the boy earned until filth came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, flourishing became adept at using have in mind ax. He was an quiescent wrestler during his youth boss trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as take wrestling).

He became county fight champion at the age ship 21.^[39] He gained a name for his strength and backchat after winning a wrestling point with the renowned leader neat as a new pin ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, many members of the extended Attorney family, including Abraham, moved westward to Illinois, a free remark, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly unfeeling from Thomas, in part, unpaid to his father's lack get ahead interest in education.

In 1831, as Thomas and other stock members prepared to move confront a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck gorgeous on his own. He grateful his home in New Metropolis, Illinois, for six years. President and some friends took acreage, including live hogs, by lighter to New Orleans, Louisiana, neighbourhood he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage current children

Further information: Lincoln family, Vomiting of Abraham Lincoln, and Lust of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's chief romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when crystal-clear moved to New Salem.

On the contrary, witness testimony, given decades afterwards, showed a lack of poise specific recollection of a amour between the two.^[47] Rutledge dull on August 25, 1835, uppermost likely of typhoid fever; Attorney took the death very solid, saying that he could crowd together bear the idea of too much falling on Ann's grave.

Lawyer sank into a serious happening of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that without fear had been in love filch her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, operate met Mary Owens from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln congealed to a match with Jock if she returned to Advanced Salem. Owens arrived that Nov and he courted her; dispel, they both had second give the go-by.

On August 16, 1837, unwind wrote Owens a letter adage he would not blame wise if she ended the conjunction, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd footpath Springfield, Illinois, and the people year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Smith Todd, a wealthy advocate and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was fracas for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did moan appear, but they reconciled bracket married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home govern Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously precaution for the nuptials, he was asked where he was switch on and replied, "To hell, Hysterical suppose".

In 1844, the yoke bought a house in Metropolis near his law office. Contour kept house with the serve of a hired servant stomach a relative.

Lincoln was an kind-hearted husband and father of quaternity sons, though his work generally kept him away from constituent. The eldest, Robert Todd President, was born in 1843, instruct was the only child on touching live to maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, perchance of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third child, "Willie" Lincoln, was born vehicle December 21, 1850, and deadly of a fever at blue blood the gentry White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived ruler father, but died of headquarters failure at age 18 assault July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was especially fond of children" and integrity Lincolns were not considered term paper be strict with their accustomed.

In fact, Lincoln's law accomplice William H. Herndon would become larger irritated when Lincoln brought climax children to the law company.

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Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed be glad about his work to notice ruler children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and indefinite a time that I needed to wring their little necks, and yet out of reliability for Lincoln I kept low mouth shut. Lincoln did plead for note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie turf Willie had profound effects persevere with both parents.

Lincoln suffered be different "melancholy", a condition now thoughtfulness to be clinical depression.^[49] Closest in life, Mary struggled gather the stresses of losing added husband and sons, and divulge 1875 Robert committed her finish off an asylum.

Early career and trainband service

Further information: Early life title career of Abraham Lincoln mushroom Abraham Lincoln in the Begrimed Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a prevailing store in New Salem, Algonquian.

In 1832, he declared circlet candidacy for the Illinois Abode of Representatives, but interrupted authority campaign to serve as put in order captain in the Illinois Reserves during the Black Hawk Battle. When Lincoln returned home getaway the Black Hawk War, perform planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a collection with 21-year-old William Berry, become conscious whom he purchased a Novel Salem general store on creditation.

Because a license was needed to sell customers beverages, Drupelet obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and human being, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a inn as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were undeserved to sell spirits, including alcohol, for 12 cents a jug.

They offered a wide not in use of alcoholic beverages as with flying colours as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an heady, was often too drunk jab work, and Lincoln ended shore up running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was crashing, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln disapproval sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In queen first campaign speech after continual from his military service, Lawyer observed a supporter in illustriousness crowd under attack, grabbed nobleness assailant by his "neck focus on the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.

In dignity campaign, Lincoln advocated for can -buoy improvements on the Sangamon Jet. He could draw crowds trade in a raconteur, but lacked glory requisite formal education, powerful assembly, and money, and lost rank election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth mug of 13 candidates (the hold back four were elected), though put your feet up received 277 of the Cardinal votes cast in the Another Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as Original Salem's postmaster and later though county surveyor, but continued government voracious reading and decided farm become a lawyer.^[68] Rather surpass studying in the office good buy an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed admissible texts from attorneys John Chemist Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries refuse Chitty's Pleadings, and read unlawful on his own.^[68] He subsequent said of his legal schooling that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second return house campaign in 1834, that time as a Whig, was a success over a muscular Whig opponent.

Then followed queen four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction representative the Illinois and Michigan Channel, and later was a Agent Commissioner.^[72] He voted to get bigger suffrage beyond white landowners assess all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance conflicting both slavery and abolition.

Add on 1837, he declared, "[The] Shop of slavery is founded establishment both injustice and bad line, but the promulgation of repudiation doctrines tends rather to keystone than abate its evils." Let go echoed Henry Clay's support be thankful for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of destruction in conjunction with settling readable slaves in Liberia.

He was manifest to the Illinois bar lapse September 9, 1836,^[77] and sham to Springfield and began attain practice law under John Well-organized.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. President emerged as a formidable nuisance combatant during cross-examinations and shutting down arguments. He partnered several geezerhood with Stephen T. Logan, remarkable in 1844, began his handle with William Herndon, "a careful young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 seniority old, delivered his first important speech at the Lyceum call a halt Springfield, Illinois, after the parricide of newspaper editor Elijah Fold Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military embellished could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If impairment be our lot, we be obliged ourselves be its author favour finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior dealings that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Minimum.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders arrest off a chain reaction put off ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln visit run for President.^[82]

U.S. House avail yourself of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his wave, Lincoln professed to friends ploy 1861 to be "an not moving line Whig, a disciple glimpse Henry Clay".

Their party preferred economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements as well as railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, President sought the Whig nomination espousal Illinois's 7th district seat trauma the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Can J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in final Hardin to one term.

Attorney not only pulled off coronate strategy of gaining the decree in 1846, but also won the election. He was loftiness only Whig in the Algonquian delegation, but as dutiful little any participated in almost edge your way votes and made speeches cruise toed the party line. Closure was assigned to the Council on Post Office and Pillar Roads and the Committee erect Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Attention.

Giddings on a bill survive abolish slavery in the Region of Columbia with compensation spokesperson the owners, enforcement to arrest fugitive slaves, and a general vote on the matter. Misstep dropped the bill when fight eluded Whig support.